标题: 虚拟语气 [打印本页] 作者: vivian 时间: 2014-8-17 12:36 标题: 虚拟语气 概述4 ^6 q4 `' e6 N6 o. N0 }/ [3 s8 _
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:5 W, d4 W7 S/ \# \; I- Y
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。 G, P' p9 M' s* F" V 3 r& z5 f! d0 M/ ^ 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。 + c- R+ S" B# Z, t0 i! P' z 3 v0 R, k2 ~9 ?5 y 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。8 a& ^3 g* f a9 a5 s/ i. i
) Y) {% J X1 }& g; k0 E% b 难点释疑5 E, y" u5 {& w
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一、If型 7 \; h8 u4 M2 {; @9 t " M z& L" V& e$ q, z/ C If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下: % u+ N& _! i" S7 u9 B0 w 9 g# w- g8 {" n4 I) B Q; Z, ~9 k# J * V Q3 V( w& |' `从句" @( i2 I! c/ I) ]
主句9 [0 u& W- n) L$ D7 Z( P
与过去事实相反; s, h, Y$ n1 x& M0 {- X
had done 3 |6 S8 c& s8 x- Swould/could/might have done. K7 v" t5 a9 O2 W0 S W
与现在事实相反 8 u' j. L5 B' `" Q$ q# N1 e" [* fdid/were8 a3 \0 d" ^0 G9 T% i" I
would/could/might do $ p7 _, O% I% M% E与将来事实相反9 r/ o& X! U; O$ f$ g! l
were to do/should do/did0 Z. ?- A) x; c$ I& @' }4 H- u1 m
would/could/might do " @8 @7 h" I: _+ ] 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如: . s3 `% y& r2 c$ p7 @; G, u' F- s7 K+ k1 p
If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。& K4 i e: u& ^$ d
( n4 P. v) [4 E W If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。. |- B& p+ l* q. G% a% t
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二、Wish型5 ~2 U% x' k& E3 y3 X( M
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:* e$ B/ \' v+ R! k
- d3 @! a6 p8 N! r" b8 u7 F$ M9 J$ q 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done) f8 q9 q* Z" i
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did 0 {7 l& m- P2 K) u L' h9 o/ E8 v6 b- s7 L/ n. M5 i
与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do 9 N: ^+ P/ s6 ]9 ] 1 f" [7 y5 u1 M+ {9 b- t 例如: L; P4 v- ^% P1 x1 S ' ?& |5 s0 e5 h6 I I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。 q( s! u v+ O4 i/ \3 v2 I) ?/ q ; F* [; T% F) _% U5 S: J/ f I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。% a9 X1 S3 ?* o/ z) g: O
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。3 ^3 \9 x- U3 I
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气 ) |& R8 Y* y/ U: G. Z % Y0 g% ]' C% ~* C$ W 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done6 O$ D' M9 D6 u, m1 C
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did ! _5 M! Y# V. {2 u+ R$ I 3 v3 v/ y- F6 B) r2 [& D 例如: , m2 ?3 h* S- p; t8 E: j m: v' b3 ?8 L N+ F2 f) g* z
If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了! & F- L \6 W/ b6 W# d [% C7 @) b! R! e: l! `/ x: e6 K: ]; b
3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气 # k) I6 r% u/ U; d$ w" B) `0 ]0 Q 8 V9 {+ m* B9 u, p& f+ x 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done 9 m1 D' ?2 Y* }! j8 J 3 q# i# r/ o) k4 Q5 d6 o 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did% \* g; z5 I$ Q$ s$ i* L& l
2 M* n3 u. [% z& @* N 例如:6 L3 y6 D; Q6 o8 Z- R3 f
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He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。6 B4 y, T8 E: u+ r5 _4 G1 y$ J
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。 2 C# X9 l, G( o( k5 n3 `6 c" U, k4 [, g$ ?# A
三、强制性虚拟语气 0 R$ j7 b$ U8 L! X+ }$ K- b! l9 l' n1 c& G5 T7 X
1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如: ( c, F! B4 j" z8 x; s5 `/ X3 y# A! C4 j0 C2 X% [
It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。$ h7 o3 `4 S7 E& E. T
0 y! M, d9 t/ H* L/ x1 S( J 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:! {; L3 i: ^+ q& h
7 p2 T# I9 D/ v" r We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。; |% _9 ~; T! L7 O
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3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:$ y4 ~8 E* E, ]8 d: l+ A# _; X U
9 j S: s' [/ c) A When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。 % H3 R" r- {3 l+ e' H + ~" h. T" ?1 F+ t$ d: v$ ? The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束), q7 D& C/ U& m3 f7 F( n5 i
0 o) a7 [3 m1 c" k9 [/ N+ g$ \ The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)3 m3 i5 Y: p- a( \& B/ e" O/ o/ c
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如: ; d1 u1 Z$ {3 v: M # b3 J7 B+ h1 \7 }" M# I It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。 4 Q* k" ?2 u' ~' E ) h& h9 x6 K/ _! Y It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。8 E# e/ H8 h' x1 d+ n
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气 % p. C% c3 I! b2 {0 }! P) \6 W8 d( q6 v " q& n/ ~$ G F 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下: : `9 h$ f8 }2 w0 | Q8 A" f1 s; ~9 z+ _, x- g
与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done5 q4 B/ @+ K2 T; y& [1 R. ?6 v$ ]
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did 5 S# A6 ?1 x4 Q, s; q9 T& B2 N# f) G- m$ d2 r) p" w
2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。 3 h" j# [- n) ~, M+ g+ R4 o8 ? 2 H" i H& L# W# K) O& ] 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如: + q N% B' H) _5 F 7 k$ Y+ i9 h: @# y) N( a/ j6 ^2 ^ I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。7 [ F) M( W( U8 M# l/ |0 y$ s
8 Z, R8 n2 _5 _1 I8 u. c6 m/ o) a- ? 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:$ `0 H; b! ?2 g" G) F
4 B% q0 o: j- G$ h Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。 3 ~: u% ]+ Q* Y8 Z$ ?# Z# i2 L* r. i, Z. G
Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。$ N9 X' H- y/ S
" q/ U7 T0 f A$ C _; c/ z 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:+ c7 e0 z7 ?: S: R. t
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!; A M* H# x# c0 ]- }3 L
1 X% v0 i7 T2 ]" c: I4 \6 A7 I, n God bless you! 上帝保佑你!& C, t! u+ [2 h/ E3 y6 \7 w) a