( ~% ?# |. O7 I+ t* e 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。 o" J$ K! k! R2 ~4 o3 t; _) r/ A
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。 0 J0 m) {( S4 g 3 U6 _" b8 K* j. ^1 j- V) o' u 难点释疑 7 U$ R, L( s) `* O, W# I* ^' G c( L9 c; g6 ^
一、If型# M- j; U8 c' O; A
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:$ @" k' k3 g# U4 K: W3 D
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从句 ~0 V. O( F7 Y" M5 a" {2 o主句* g& g6 d: s! [: Q' H
与过去事实相反 ; v/ M/ Q/ o- u7 f, m! Dhad done 0 U& J6 z, R) [% o: Xwould/could/might have done# W5 I9 A, j! E; J/ [
与现在事实相反6 D& {+ p& q: L9 a
did/were ' ~, M, M0 f+ x, {* k0 U% m% twould/could/might do # V* w, [8 v$ y! w, O6 n, A+ d与将来事实相反 2 C" {' F% d+ H/ o" f5 _3 Dwere to do/should do/did ; t x: C$ `8 R1 S' Wwould/could/might do ) \: z; V) _+ v* i 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:8 Z8 G9 C& m1 m! s' c! t
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。( T/ E* K. N/ j
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If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。, j$ L d7 e3 t2 V' P' K& b3 l" B
6 H9 `" Z; ]1 k; b 二、Wish型' E- k4 D* d. y/ q
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下: ! C; O1 U, w) ^, ]4 b$ c9 F) x. E- M8 d4 m% m
与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done7 {; q3 M/ X$ R' i# b6 b
2 y, a U# U) ]+ |; t" k" Z! [ 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did3 {+ I$ q. n- y0 b' o
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do ; y! E: J" i* W# |$ d9 J$ F+ m- h% W
例如:4 s/ ~/ X. S+ t9 h0 v l( E* Z
: v' ?1 p. ~6 X5 T9 ~1 G# C I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。 h7 A: t* t7 M2 @; M% F
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。! \- p: _4 V9 J1 b0 g f
4 q5 U6 x4 ~3 L% C$ A& |2 r) f 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。 ; i5 M( a3 o2 y3 a; x) D. O5 [ $ d1 f2 F( O2 i4 v: [+ i9 o" p 2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气 6 k. s0 n8 f9 W3 q5 t/ J! o 4 k! Y- s- L5 {$ M6 T. w# g 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done 1 O2 Y- V0 S) ~6 x! w$ e8 H$ Q( x) E
与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did : X3 h! N' O4 S, G! h. S l4 E& c. B* I' i
例如:+ }. S: d0 z6 P: u9 C
6 e' [/ W% |' u, N8 ^) o If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了! ! j$ y9 M8 y/ M+ e; O$ w: U 8 P2 A' l4 f/ o5 ?7 Q 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气# H! w* I' [ o' ]! M, f+ c
0 F# v. a: {( q2 O2 [4 [3 F 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did 1 Y1 Q3 ^5 V H b: y 0 d6 s" C# x/ e1 X: N7 v, G3 ] } 例如:4 X5 i2 L3 M( X/ R$ g8 ^! Z3 v
( Y7 u/ |; M, j. L& N# c He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。 ! i: q+ U5 E* F : @9 _% V2 W$ k" p+ `8 t: z, L He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。# s6 @$ _5 m2 Q* `, B
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三、强制性虚拟语气$ B! E; E5 X/ P, R G
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1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如: # K$ z: R- H: ?) i9 _5 n4 W C' N2 B% s( \
It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。 1 H5 T: n" O$ j/ c6 w5 c9 ?/ Y# q m' a% H9 c0 `
2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:" ?: _+ B- O) L
1 J6 m- o0 F+ H4 m/ s; \ We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。 # }6 B8 u7 v3 h1 k8 S4 k) _0 z P$ W/ w1 v7 q
3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如: 4 `' E8 S! F: z$ r \# k2 r : T3 e* u' W; F v8 `2 I7 }5 P When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。/ ]& F2 |* l. M9 J% q! X
" v2 G y! t4 c! e1 r- H! j The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束), ~! s! M: Q( O. d* Y
1 I$ l/ M: q8 `* h6 g* ] r M U( M The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)5 s; x, i" y5 v& y8 a# q, a
! H [' I) i5 w& U, S8 G 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:" @+ m) e4 J: t& f5 T* v
. ~8 ]. t7 ~8 h It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。! J5 {3 n' X5 y
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It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。 & ~4 z# x/ P7 i) {2 _# ~' N$ ^- M4 h# V% B. R) d
四、其他类型的虚拟语气 , \3 r' Q8 m* \ . c4 h6 b. a$ g3 C 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下: , s+ Z# m+ l! W* R/ a 1 ]% j3 n& x" l9 s" f# F 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done/ \ _/ `# y) W' a
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did- y& }8 W2 M! k( o* m1 I/ ]$ m
8 w% {# z4 r4 R$ C8 `6 l" Y" Z# ^ T 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。 H# l7 r1 r* N; t3 M8 g7 J 5 R% g K# i2 X: D 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:/ y: R& }" V: k) Z4 ?1 W
% x) {" h) V+ p# P0 s) ?8 w I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。 ; e8 f/ O9 t. d" u, T* j0 ~# I6 m V* o' V. p
4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:% N9 ^! W' V% X$ p9 \1 n) B6 q
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。) U; @1 f7 X+ R1 q+ }% v
: @5 W2 y' K/ d& V( t Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。 0 f7 g1 X; h1 C. M" @" c* {6 B9 L) z" U# c% ]( b5 I4 n
5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如: ' N- z" m. p" _$ {- l) R% r+ r8 H7 |, o
Long live the queen! 女王万岁! & O5 q' I1 R/ t( ~1 p* w) s0 h- G8 r
God bless you! 上帝保佑你! k3 c$ F5 U5 a3 u 7 n+ ?7 }4 @# R0 p6 ~ From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html作者: 173111405陈生妹 时间: 2017-12-18 11:02
很受用作者: 2134070113方祎婷 时间: 2022-1-5 11:31
live作者: 2131010505 时间: 2022-1-10 08:52
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o作者: 2131010505 时间: 2022-1-10 08:52
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