* H/ O9 N0 v9 `1 G6 X: i 难点释疑2 T0 i, a4 W0 o$ n) S0 @
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一、If型( P$ E) `% e. s
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下: + d% q8 Q( g h' k6 ]5 v6 T9 b8 R! {+ K, R* g1 |, [7 q
6 T) h/ |4 i* X9 q; Z从句8 s2 J+ d- s, V p' n$ z0 V6 x4 [$ A
主句 / ~; O0 K6 f2 y) M! V! u7 B与过去事实相反 6 s9 V) }5 |! H7 n6 E4 ahad done 6 O" [4 x- j Y0 I, V; S4 H# xwould/could/might have done1 m0 ?0 l A7 V5 I. i* I: |
与现在事实相反/ T2 {; T& H% x- I( u4 e
did/were5 t5 C( Q9 a7 k5 J* T
would/could/might do+ V$ d$ t( X9 ~: @& O5 s7 k
与将来事实相反5 b, V. J' J I$ k, U/ f
were to do/should do/did. ~) V. K0 {% ] |- H. Q5 [. k
would/could/might do ; s: c, A: V3 ?% \) }% N 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:6 H) m- q/ S4 f) X" K% f7 j* x
8 S7 I- n @. A: v7 O If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。- Q J4 q! I/ y5 a* V
2 V' }' r) c* Y A' B% ? If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。% o' Y# [# a7 E2 n3 I
1 h1 c& n- G5 t# d7 A5 x 二、Wish型! v3 N. ~1 I$ Y
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下: 7 R4 y( _4 V) A4 t. n/ a2 B 2 P% H, m% O. O" h; z& {- W# s7 g 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done / {% d* ?; e5 l( _3 o 5 ]* ]6 }/ C9 S# M6 s9 c6 h2 X 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did ; ~& a2 X) q% O3 X( M4 X) H t" d# U6 S" R
与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do 5 C/ k% X9 _- K$ ^6 C3 d# `. u9 o ! z. W5 s6 t; ]) D: o9 s% G) C 例如: * ?! p2 r2 l7 _& t s6 H4 O% V8 P 2 w2 z2 A: o) z; _- v+ q6 _% S I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。 & E6 G% H9 H, K1 X* ~5 v) y& @ / X' O: b6 g& X9 Y6 {% V9 s; U2 { I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。# J" m, {% S$ M# |9 e/ h/ r7 p
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。. o: T q# z4 ~0 \
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气 3 M7 [5 C Q# c) ` z1 o6 _1 M$ e$ M( V' \
与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done 1 p2 L: e% M. ?# [ {7 h, b2 I: O, k% y& k8 k
与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did + H2 h) ^% V+ j1 k1 g' a& R8 ?& z; d; P0 w; R& t
例如: 6 g/ w; U7 ?9 }! X; J0 R8 U& Z 7 R' E+ i z! {. _* K$ O& u If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!0 N, j3 ^4 F; c1 F$ _+ l
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气7 \( J' [1 y- q, _5 r
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done0 L% k. y- n2 U+ F4 I
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did ; e# @- b$ l4 t8 S) w s $ @) h! G3 A% A8 b$ B4 V, G 例如: " } y$ N$ p3 T1 X- X+ S & I- F# T- E! p He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。+ R* o- v% x6 V
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。 9 m0 Y, `# o, z* S4 l& I! U3 ]% t) h" J
三、强制性虚拟语气 4 ?% T# j. Y( f3 h5 S3 Q5 r: U0 ~& G0 V' H' n, S: L, m
1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如: ! |1 z8 }7 b- q3 M* {6 Z7 a! q( U2 X0 G1 V$ A( |
It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。 * [+ G1 E% C8 A- F% G0 \; h* [& t' {) C& }7 E, e2 A& e
2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:% q. Q* E! j: F, E2 s' {, O
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。 . w2 h9 B. H$ k0 ]. {2 \2 m( [( t0 d( _' w( \) u& a+ f& r
3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如: 8 q$ x x! [" M# d( |$ X9 u# [8 D; A& r$ n
When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。 ! ~$ _1 h) g/ S$ b6 s _; R7 I- {
The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束) ( L; L+ Z5 g* v" J5 {1 k( k4 b9 F; Q& { J& e, x
The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行) ( L$ z1 P @2 V 0 ~/ y2 U9 p% }3 J 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如: - g. @( @; U+ D: y" |) _ 6 \! v; r5 v, E% v% \5 D It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。2 w; p4 W1 Y$ g3 T: H
& w( _4 X# z. S% f1 a# _- Q It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。9 Z3 c6 |) f" n4 ^
/ a' l2 Z8 T, S& @# P 四、其他类型的虚拟语气 ; j! L( a P* q$ ^2 Y * K/ s, Q; r ]( b. W3 R 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:' d" ]; M+ s6 a0 @. A
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done; Q7 ]& M0 P/ F* u6 t. B% C
- Q( Q4 b7 u; ]- Y6 K, L1 D5 e! M 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did5 n9 A# o$ S z1 G
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。 : @8 z+ I1 S) u4 Q' R( p6 B+ N3 I* i! ` a. l n. Z& B 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如: S6 e5 x. `5 W/ w3 z* ] . T0 L1 ?1 s z3 v I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。 4 e- q: J% r& s ; G. T. B5 B: y. | 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如: # W" F' v" g' r* Z+ [* l ; ^, u7 w$ h' C6 t' {1 n1 a Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。! z# E4 m: c/ l2 f6 u
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。 6 O z( s2 a7 x1 j2 ?% y" {0 O2 U2 l8 K2 w+ S1 t
5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:2 G0 p$ C( f( ~" ?$ H1 n
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!) R; C; I7 J$ l! W4 c7 K/ }