" T, L: b2 S1 T7 j5 t 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。 4 v2 s X0 A# y/ K0 h7 T- e- l) B7 u" E4 a) r
难点释疑 , }2 Q1 O+ l- {8 z- y 0 a4 j3 c. k2 A; l 一、If型+ c4 B! ~+ f# w; X+ Y
- {: d, T; K) V1 e( {% n If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:) `, Z, X. {' e% w; A
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- j: l& }; Z: p7 }从句' v# S7 h( |+ L; r
主句 " o) N* ~: K( F2 i z; I, k& i与过去事实相反 4 M3 z6 C0 o# e7 Uhad done 2 I8 G9 P0 r: c- a9 V0 Nwould/could/might have done, ~+ a: @ h2 O
与现在事实相反3 u: W1 D2 ^% |: |8 B2 T
did/were9 [* T' E; A0 _3 s2 H
would/could/might do/ i, `! Z) {7 j3 Q- ^. p
与将来事实相反2 j3 D2 M$ U5 p7 f/ u2 M8 O$ h& ~
were to do/should do/did: d' V. f0 R$ G
would/could/might do 4 m8 y5 j/ U" Q7 }& i7 _/ N& L 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:3 N$ \ |, s$ N5 e+ D3 t2 l
+ N8 [. K4 }* N7 s: W/ v If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。 - ~3 p% y5 V& @( ~ 3 j) [6 J1 } ?% f" S5 P& g If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。# Q& j7 b! n% i3 M: k. A" [# L
0 I8 R: P* j6 X 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done" m) Z7 y* J% O& O. P1 i: X: O
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did8 J n1 F% @2 N
* ?$ p1 m, Z% o9 T0 P 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do : r O, O8 S% S' a' Q8 i G3 U9 ?; e8 f# x/ R. @& i4 r$ l
例如: ( E: z: {/ o0 y" ], E! x8 J$ `+ E' t0 j' U, M6 a$ I
I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。 ) p5 e" t$ T1 P/ ? 4 u0 i4 T- v" l/ q I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。 5 W/ O, L3 M) M8 ^: V; w" m: T a# F& q+ c& C A& G
同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。 5 a. p* Y3 r5 P4 h; Q0 a" |$ U, s( `+ x% s3 @
2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气 - [( f( E# _: W- D" P" ^4 ^) ] ! k) @5 _4 M' [3 o 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done4 }0 r" Y+ \0 @2 n$ K
7 L( d( T% ^1 T2 M 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did' g) t* `, M" U$ f
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例如:2 g1 X1 y) T3 C9 h: a5 \
( ~* B: w# g# {5 y If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!2 K$ h1 @7 F( y5 Y. m( ^
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气 ! B; G& f( k5 [3 N: [ 1 l0 S8 ]! R+ X# z8 d( x/ ]% B 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done 3 N2 a& T+ `# c+ w* z, O' L , b4 C2 ^$ B; G 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did : D, t! |% y' A' s o / @7 W$ l5 V) A* R& L0 h 例如: 8 w' A. d+ B. t y/ O; r" ]% |3 I5 |1 ?9 ]- c) y
He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。 0 U/ |! I8 {7 l8 @! a+ I1 C$ y) |9 H% q) }1 i0 _+ i3 r
He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。+ U1 w. k: ]" ~; }* C$ N0 P. r
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三、强制性虚拟语气 ) `9 P8 p+ t, b. d/ k3 l5 W; X0 h# }% X
1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:- K0 F3 J/ g, T( I" I1 T. f+ T
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。 8 p4 S) ^7 x' G7 e0 Y: I/ ^" i% Y0 ]; {( A8 v
2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如: ) i6 O9 k, m; l: M- G * i4 g1 ? V. N0 N; h# A We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。% O }' V4 w: Q3 G, U1 o
3 D6 F- `0 j& R& Y/ y 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如: 6 i0 p- U- }+ F1 u2 n$ R+ P$ T9 b. _) b: Z! m, y6 b
When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。* g u& _9 o% W5 v
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)4 }2 F$ u) H" |' w1 r8 m$ p8 K+ e8 I
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)7 `9 f# y$ {1 b' j2 J- U# W0 n
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如: 5 Y, C! c: Q3 D9 y3 l# ^+ Z $ R+ ?1 r! V) I5 c It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。 ) G: i7 ?; t0 u( s2 h 6 O9 ?2 y* I! I3 m/ c6 H- @ It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。' W+ N- R' ?" S0 |/ z3 f
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气 6 `5 L; d( l# O9 l! I - V# B. m, u9 ~$ h" Y6 i! u/ k 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下: ' Q% I4 i7 v/ F7 p8 `+ G; R7 f4 Z+ d( G# t6 m
与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done0 B8 i) L9 p0 o3 J+ T; N
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did 8 a! Z, W0 z9 P4 G4 Q$ `, L) N 9 S: H$ l: d8 g1 t 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。 & y6 m$ w0 E6 d: E' M 8 K7 q" V, L3 u6 g2 S# y% y2 r- b& k: N 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:) c0 p' ~9 X8 E2 S4 @8 j
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。 ) o; ?+ B% Y. L- A* c2 T# Q# R! A7 I! x
4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:) x" S3 V2 a1 L/ L9 i; N
/ k( A0 ^* ?- H* Z+ p Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。2 i# S; r7 k) ?: b; s* d: i
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。1 q, a7 m! x$ @6 V( Z9 Y