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标题: 虚拟语气 [打印本页]

作者: vivian    时间: 2014-8-17 12:36
标题: 虚拟语气
概述" f0 }6 M1 V* w1 b

* o" |3 h2 E1 ?6 F  语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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  1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。. F9 L6 Q3 p' d2 D: I/ _
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  2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。; |7 c/ c; o% M4 w& J2 ^5 O

$ Y2 T0 k  N/ x' p$ Y  虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。$ N# D8 d" X0 w' d# n- o

9 }; p3 k7 X$ }/ F( t9 n( d  难点释疑9 |& K/ a2 m7 z# }

7 V) b" @* Q; C* O/ C  一、If型$ g& J4 R0 `; G. ]' z% x) A
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  If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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从句
9 Q8 M$ y, m( o$ M$ `! \$ T主句8 p" C# J, V- w: [
与过去事实相反/ G7 U7 S% I+ g& f: H
had done
8 U+ E9 P( }) @; D9 z& n7 jwould/could/might have done: ]: J3 s. R) Q+ l3 f
与现在事实相反
8 d" Q0 s* I0 X1 E, g) l6 u1 fdid/were! _( y1 A; a- k- c" t0 A! x4 J
would/could/might do
7 F7 ]3 H3 h5 C7 \) ]与将来事实相反- r  r9 f% p- V* B. U% g# n' f- s# u
were to do/should do/did
0 w1 m. W; t2 U  ^: T2 Xwould/could/might do
6 t6 d( [. _; U  特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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! z% t5 h; L8 {5 J. I  If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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  If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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  二、Wish型
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% ?/ W! E2 h( w1 X( G/ s; R5 f  1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:  S# u6 S% P$ b0 }( l

9 T; N/ S( l( Z# x& E  与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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8 a0 L( m8 |1 b8 O4 ~9 h  与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did3 m# P3 _* G$ y% w6 r

- ~$ w0 {5 G" E) P  与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do) y6 U5 e( I2 c( z1 i5 j3 u
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  例如:. q1 }8 M$ K; _/ P& p% H4 b
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  I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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# m' g, @+ M' L2 \  I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。) r& k- e0 Q$ T; U" C/ R

$ `: g, ]) F2 d. K  同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。! c) |& ^( G) I$ q7 P2 n

2 ]/ x' c3 r; l) f: e  2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气! n# F+ U" D8 K% g$ i

, a% F3 l( q; c  与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
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1 `7 S7 M* B8 x( U  与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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9 k5 E  j' ^: Y5 i! u  例如:, b2 j1 u1 S( Q
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  If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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  3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气8 S. A, U( @/ T1 n  B

0 _% g* A9 u. @3 z. b  与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done$ v! v( h3 r0 G0 R; z7 E
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  与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did# \. [4 N3 ?( h- g+ Q0 ]

' J) {- T7 `) E$ G) H6 ^' _$ a  例如:
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  He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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  He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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  三、强制性虚拟语气
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  u0 h1 |. G1 x( G" K+ |8 `  1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:8 t5 `8 Y" ]6 b& g/ S2 u9 N; l
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  It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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2 ^/ R# ^: i" b( Z  f7 R; W  2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:9 z# ^0 G5 u( l; a* N" E
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  We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。  i1 W5 ~# G% D! C7 P
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  3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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/ q1 q& x' y+ Q5 J  When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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  The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)  o5 t4 I, Z& }* x' I: L

! [$ Q1 v: O2 d  The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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5 U9 {8 K4 Q6 ^1 Z7 y5 Y  4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:' h8 B, U# ~0 D9 C" _

* {9 U$ N  W2 H; v# f! ]6 y  It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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, D4 Y$ G  l- H4 j  It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。8 }* e7 ]# \% Q+ ^, c: O: w, Y' c

2 d/ W. B+ A& d  Q6 B  四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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  1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:9 j. O! `- q! V7 \" o
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  与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done: P& q  e' d2 j9 c- ]+ z

3 ?/ @. V  g; v7 T% {  与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did9 T# e6 z: Y" O+ N% f% [* j

2 z& Y3 I$ V6 [4 E  2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。, i* I; L6 I: S0 {
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  3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:8 m! f: q5 B1 w$ C$ @& i* e
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  I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。
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0 l& X, i$ O$ D  4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:8 r' i7 i5 k4 \; T% ]. V+ _
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  Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。) ~. f8 m4 _! t1 z% T
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  Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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  5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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  Long live the queen! 女王万岁!. h) o6 v- Z0 d3 p6 I* z: q

7 T7 g+ O. e4 s/ E/ }/ k0 u  God bless you! 上帝保佑你!' m8 p4 D( ]7 k) I. \7 M
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  From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html
作者: 173111405陈生妹    时间: 2017-12-18 11:02
很受用
作者: 2134070113方祎婷    时间: 2022-1-5 11:31
live
作者: 2131010505    时间: 2022-1-10 08:52
o
作者: 2131010505    时间: 2022-1-10 08:52
o
作者: 2131010505    时间: 2022-1-10 08:52
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