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标题: 虚拟语气 [打印本页]

作者: vivian    时间: 2014-8-17 12:36
标题: 虚拟语气
概述  \- g0 b+ D' ^7 W2 q0 v0 z
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  语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:$ h: w3 @+ J. z" K; R

% p; U- ?2 ~  g4 ?& f  1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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# K( A6 w9 `5 S) a1 I2 [  2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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  虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。  r1 Y) g% W% ?; `$ s
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  难点释疑9 l% i: L1 g4 T: ~$ e

$ R* l0 n* {6 P% {" Y  一、If型
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# ?4 b" a) E: \9 Y( b( V& a  If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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从句
7 r% H' E, T9 `$ d3 F9 c8 r, _主句
* a" b- @: ~  N" h: ]与过去事实相反9 v6 o8 x/ J; O8 V/ B! Q
had done; d. R0 f! a! w# v- V& _
would/could/might have done
9 C! T. C5 f( C7 x2 R9 @与现在事实相反
* [8 }6 I2 _. w1 O: }: T7 ydid/were
: S# o% c) p2 t7 s! X5 [7 b7 I' kwould/could/might do. A; v8 s5 m5 y( Y
与将来事实相反
* A* ^  D9 x& w- n$ Z3 pwere to do/should do/did
" u: L" e- U$ m; F8 fwould/could/might do# {: A7 ]% l$ v: R6 T
  特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:; h$ q' R1 v! p9 k7 b: u3 q+ Z

+ h4 E* G: r: @1 {4 c% j; Y/ r; b  If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。. e7 |, g) b! y
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  If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。6 v: K0 r: K: C$ l4 _+ A8 I. P

2 v1 x; X. `- `5 k  二、Wish型* O  S. x6 y! J5 Z" k" v8 d- p( V& m
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  1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:8 T5 L8 `3 s& x

9 ~7 r1 u' t; j! s  \% `. t  与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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5 I: Q; @+ i; B% e( r  与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did& @% o3 A$ `& l1 s# o

  p$ r5 s7 V- o; v  与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do/ i0 p. @' ~. `: Q& A
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  例如:9 o- K" z/ N0 S( E, C

; _8 Y0 n: e, s7 p( T8 G. q1 x, T  I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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  I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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0 k% |2 K) Q( g9 J2 H  同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。& e1 f7 G" B/ T- T+ G

5 S4 ]: k7 w/ s" l  q) L; ~  2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气& Y$ ~$ x" u: K1 R) Y) T2 w, Z

, H( W7 h: A* M9 w( b% p% h  与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done; l) t7 W) T1 c2 f# U

, r7 S" b" ~" B, u4 P- X+ A  与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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  例如:
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' [, Q) k5 O/ {! n  If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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  3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气& ~7 h- M# ]! S" J8 t( d( j

$ R6 Q% ?* ^& ^- @7 z: }; A3 K  与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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5 k' T9 {& @3 g5 B  与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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  例如:
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* v7 r& ~2 ~) n* A% r4 q0 V/ H  He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。- g0 ]) }9 [  [; S2 \5 B
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  He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。" ~6 h6 H8 ]0 i- w7 I

, |: L4 N4 j7 d% m" f1 j+ m  三、强制性虚拟语气
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5 @& v; |! o9 Q  1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:% b* J+ Y* i, R9 n( C! x, [! k

. b" V% l0 w, p* |0 Z+ D( t  It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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  2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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# q6 m& q4 g4 c  We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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( m& @, d( K3 e  3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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8 J3 Z! Q* [7 @4 ?7 q" O5 L$ H) c4 e  When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。& C8 K4 e+ l' U) T; \* `

8 w1 j! J5 U0 j" p$ W7 m  The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)1 x+ u. F& r. y4 B; s* U: g

, N, v( n! i4 _( h: @) z0 w  The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)! r- F2 |( A  f) A" Z

& T. a1 I1 z& f; |* P  4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:5 G6 o) d, x: J  V

4 V/ g5 ~  l1 |  It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。3 e! _) p5 L( B: ?$ j0 {9 V
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  It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。& J! B( ?" D2 E; _0 G

9 F; ]6 F/ N! X  四、其他类型的虚拟语气5 N0 ^- I# o# _* G! a

( {7 Z4 A6 w: i/ ~  V  1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:4 T6 I- _+ C4 [1 F

% _# T0 t& A: G9 K) w+ W; p  与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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  与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did! W4 F" ~! [- C- J8 C& O7 i
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  2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。, G7 ^' [' e1 M) @4 ^/ E+ \( k
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  3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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  n0 J3 S0 m1 K  c) [' j! k/ ^( S  I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。% ?$ A+ m8 {- u: d
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  4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:  m" q% s( w4 U& ^2 n2 X! G! k
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  Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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  Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。! `3 }5 _) a6 N2 [. j6 c4 x+ C

# ~: j. m5 E( Q5 h  5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:7 ?8 U/ s: X$ d* [

) ~: l% c1 l1 ?: N$ h6 _  Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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) A0 U" W& R- `" p  God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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2 B: r. E/ J& P6 y& ?$ h  From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html
作者: 173111405陈生妹    时间: 2017-12-18 11:02
很受用
作者: 2134070113方祎婷    时间: 2022-1-5 11:31
live
作者: 2131010505    时间: 2022-1-10 08:52
o
作者: 2131010505    时间: 2022-1-10 08:52
o
作者: 2131010505    时间: 2022-1-10 08:52
o




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