标题: 虚拟语气 [打印本页] 作者: vivian 时间: 2014-8-17 12:36 标题: 虚拟语气 概述 5 q! W1 o1 |6 R* j7 C% e8 U. o( ?( x+ m0 _ }- A/ |6 s
语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:- n& i( c; I) o! U7 P. q5 S! H
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。% p2 @- n; y5 T7 f5 j& A
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。1 e6 v% J5 Q& z% ~
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。- E$ ^1 o% |- M" Z
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难点释疑! O9 v* {$ q' z
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一、If型 ) y, @% D% n: C2 p0 d6 T: B 3 r( Y2 M$ Z- R- B: y; y$ s) D If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下: 9 W- k `1 q6 o: G5 m) n/ f/ g4 V _
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从句 - n0 ]6 {1 R" ?% J9 n0 e主句 , z; s* w) }* m9 _# P与过去事实相反! B* S9 r8 H$ L; `# y) r7 l: y
had done$ U! p) L$ v& y3 ]' {4 \( l
would/could/might have done ( Z3 e: N! x# J/ P l# r& m" r与现在事实相反' t/ _6 q- m& w$ h6 j" |( ]+ W
did/were: R, x+ }2 A4 q& W. i7 d4 U
would/could/might do $ P6 E" o+ B9 W: b( }, m与将来事实相反 5 I9 X$ L. b$ V3 ~were to do/should do/did : L, N+ {" }" p8 V7 M* }would/could/might do8 N8 u/ H0 g% Z% A' }, a( r7 q
特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:! k8 K! e; Q) I$ N
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。 , W1 a% {( @1 A- L* S8 E J: w$ T) O6 N. c1 e! d, A( S
If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。, |- x% h/ d/ V2 y+ r
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二、Wish型9 l9 ~8 R3 C- z
* y/ _ E" S9 C& a' Y 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:. f+ B$ [9 c3 i0 c1 ]8 i
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done 1 Q, q$ B1 I+ ?0 P6 ~6 ?( H6 U9 q& v1 k0 t: w6 L( h$ M: b( X
与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did # ~- n4 R2 D0 P, P ! X/ V0 V4 _* z- @4 \9 b1 e- W$ g 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do 9 z6 i+ I8 X9 T0 \6 i( y7 `1 k3 W) e. C" Q; D+ u; m
例如:: C( ^4 H) Z! Q- q5 p6 G8 w/ |
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I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。 2 J5 f( ^8 W! E3 E8 k# K p, N0 Q# I4 C, \! W' Q9 z
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。7 I- ]- s- K; }
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。 # R3 E7 g" [; M# e# e# \* ~% K, s% w" Q5 X V( B" i
2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气' V0 }6 {: d) h! m9 e" O
9 q" t. f" L; t6 ~) v: m 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done* T9 B! X5 \/ g9 E2 r- b4 p
3 i0 N% F2 K$ M* c 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did . a d% r. M! }3 e9 Y5 p) H8 J & M9 U+ y7 [0 D* n 例如: 0 X3 r3 W! l4 r/ D$ m4 n3 T/ Z3 U H: a8 Y
If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!% e% U; V- k9 `4 { w- W' M2 W7 P& _# e
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气1 X+ ~9 K! e+ E! l" M$ T
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done + ^- S9 w& I2 U! e$ F3 @8 |4 f. j- l$ y; {9 y$ d
与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did8 E, ?1 U4 |5 c% r
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例如: 5 H7 X7 T& Y6 U$ l, p, Q! x' x 8 z, c+ N% X. L5 C' F He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。) V9 K0 ~$ d H1 y! j6 r
) q( a& I/ B& s* H He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。* C5 t0 s% ]! n5 y3 h
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三、强制性虚拟语气, L! F5 ]$ _- I5 _* R
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1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:. L# M% `) t8 P" d
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。 - z7 p- n4 B) k/ H4 f6 j& ^& B* v( |% l6 }- H3 ^
2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如: . a& t+ m' H! S) r$ A6 V& D D1 Z- h' b
We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。 & R: h3 k& t% [& ^6 A2 h6 {" A J- V0 J W j6 z9 T
3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:7 `0 }4 \8 S' \! B1 K L. o
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。 . G. e7 E! X: D ) C1 f: w2 ^9 z The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束) + S# L% t# q' _" ` * k! i6 S" g# z& X' d2 s9 N The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)1 | M4 u" v: {
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:# K+ }) D% I5 o5 P' V* ]( h
5 u; |4 T( G2 m: G7 T It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。 , z P% V, f+ _" V# Z$ U/ M : ^0 h' N( d, A' t) H! d, R It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。# i+ j9 d j! T9 ^+ z" E
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气 ; \; Z) k7 T R : Z* s' r& M5 Q! |" V* R8 a6 _ 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:5 T# q: F: ]2 ?8 r' m
0 Y1 e- e5 h4 {& ]7 G/ J- N 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done% C1 I7 a" v+ C0 x; w
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did w! \7 e" Y5 B# V& W" i: {' b0 ]7 B& i
2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。 4 `5 b4 W% Y% k* x- S& H8 ~ ' F% C+ q* F' g( [# u/ ~ 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:" B9 E M! l% l
3 J' k) k) h* w F- G. q% { I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。 ! X6 U2 f$ q- m; T \5 J) g, |! E) n; Q: g+ V+ G; l
4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如: 2 ]3 m9 S% U8 K) O6 z3 V) j2 S B2 n
Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。( }3 W% C. S& e0 a& j$ }7 S4 r
2 _7 A" s$ ]% j% U3 [3 S Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。 & R* B h. |5 ?2 |! q; ]+ \- X7 M1 N% r* S* i' O1 v0 D
5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:1 G( v! G* X9 n4 I2 n) o
/ B4 q$ M2 k1 r) H4 H% W. W. o Long live the queen! 女王万岁!& E5 b+ G3 _: o& ]- h" P, ?
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God bless you! 上帝保佑你! ) m! U, O# \- y ' q! W/ V8 z3 [" Q3 F: w# q6 P From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html作者: 173111405陈生妹 时间: 2017-12-18 11:02
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