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标题: 虚拟语气 [打印本页]

作者: vivian    时间: 2014-8-17 12:36
标题: 虚拟语气
概述
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  语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:- n& i( c; I) o! U7 P. q5 S! H
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  1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。% p2 @- n; y5 T7 f5 j& A
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  2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。1 e6 v% J5 Q& z% ~
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  虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。- E$ ^1 o% |- M" Z
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  难点释疑! O9 v* {$ q' z
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  一、If型
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3 r( Y2 M$ Z- R- B: y; y$ s) D  If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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从句
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, z; s* w) }* m9 _# P与过去事实相反! B* S9 r8 H$ L; `# y) r7 l: y
had done$ U! p) L$ v& y3 ]' {4 \( l
would/could/might have done
( Z3 e: N! x# J/ P  l# r& m" r与现在事实相反' t/ _6 q- m& w$ h6 j" |( ]+ W
did/were: R, x+ }2 A4 q& W. i7 d4 U
would/could/might do
$ P6 E" o+ B9 W: b( }, m与将来事实相反
5 I9 X$ L. b$ V3 ~were to do/should do/did
: L, N+ {" }" p8 V7 M* }would/could/might do8 N8 u/ H0 g% Z% A' }, a( r7 q
  特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:! k8 K! e; Q) I$ N
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  If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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  If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。, |- x% h/ d/ V2 y+ r
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  二、Wish型9 l9 ~8 R3 C- z

* y/ _  E" S9 C& a' Y  1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:. f+ B$ [9 c3 i0 c1 ]8 i
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  与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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  与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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! X/ V0 V4 _* z- @4 \9 b1 e- W$ g  与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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  例如:: C( ^4 H) Z! Q- q5 p6 G8 w/ |
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  I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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  I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。7 I- ]- s- K; }
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  同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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  2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气' V0 }6 {: d) h! m9 e" O

9 q" t. f" L; t6 ~) v: m  与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done* T9 B! X5 \/ g9 E2 r- b4 p

3 i0 N% F2 K$ M* c  与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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& M9 U+ y7 [0 D* n  例如:
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  If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!% e% U; V- k9 `4 {  w- W' M2 W7 P& _# e
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  3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气1 X+ ~9 K! e+ E! l" M$ T
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  与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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  与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did8 E, ?1 U4 |5 c% r
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  例如:
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8 z, c+ N% X. L5 C' F  He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。) V9 K0 ~$ d  H1 y! j6 r

) q( a& I/ B& s* H  He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。* C5 t0 s% ]! n5 y3 h
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  三、强制性虚拟语气, L! F5 ]$ _- I5 _* R
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  1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:. L# M% `) t8 P" d
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  It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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  2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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  We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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  3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:7 `0 }4 \8 S' \! B1 K  L. o
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  When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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) C1 f: w2 ^9 z  The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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* k! i6 S" g# z& X' d2 s9 N  The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)1 |  M4 u" v: {
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  4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:# K+ }) D% I5 o5 P' V* ]( h

5 u; |4 T( G2 m: G7 T  It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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: ^0 h' N( d, A' t) H! d, R  It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。# i+ j9 d  j! T9 ^+ z" E
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  四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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: Z* s' r& M5 Q! |" V* R8 a6 _  1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:5 T# q: F: ]2 ?8 r' m

0 Y1 e- e5 h4 {& ]7 G/ J- N  与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done% C1 I7 a" v+ C0 x; w
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  与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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  2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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' F% C+ q* F' g( [# u/ ~  3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:" B9 E  M! l% l

3 J' k) k) h* w  F- G. q% {  I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。
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  4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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  Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。( }3 W% C. S& e0 a& j$ }7 S4 r

2 _7 A" s$ ]% j% U3 [3 S  Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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  5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:1 G( v! G* X9 n4 I2 n) o

/ B4 q$ M2 k1 r) H4 H% W. W. o  Long live the queen! 女王万岁!& E5 b+ G3 _: o& ]- h" P, ?
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  God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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' q! W/ V8 z3 [" Q3 F: w# q6 P  From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html
作者: 173111405陈生妹    时间: 2017-12-18 11:02
很受用
作者: 2134070113方祎婷    时间: 2022-1-5 11:31
live
作者: 2131010505    时间: 2022-1-10 08:52
o
作者: 2131010505    时间: 2022-1-10 08:52
o
作者: 2131010505    时间: 2022-1-10 08:52
o




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