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概述' d6 D* ?; Y0 O
- |1 d g. v* S( e, x+ e 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。$ Y/ w' X( ~# }$ g
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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/ {4 C0 q$ a% p8 _" F$ {! f5 n$ \ 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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难点释疑
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1 G8 N& z: A9 ?1 y* a 一、If型, n0 g2 b7 ]1 _2 _2 r8 v! I
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:, g2 r# d0 a5 X5 |8 M5 I: J
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从句
1 G0 j1 t; [/ Z7 M主句* C; {+ B& V8 Y9 C! F$ h, V
与过去事实相反
2 o6 z6 C; p( b3 qhad done
8 Y% t4 I+ L e# Awould/could/might have done+ D F0 P% I j! f: T- K- l$ Z0 W$ x) M
与现在事实相反: B% ?" }" Y7 Z
did/were
b: _, l/ [: owould/could/might do
2 d1 r; s+ I/ p T1 L0 U, \( r与将来事实相反( x+ c* l/ ~7 v# J7 N
were to do/should do/did+ O- h. \. n$ [4 p" j3 Y. q$ q
would/could/might do
" f r" o7 v; p* M' @6 J 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:9 v) L. ?5 q* R( P6 J, c/ i
6 k, Q3 }8 C& @4 u+ ~9 X If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。' c* r4 w8 t6 S/ J1 I
4 J% |1 ?3 _0 P/ Z$ b 二、Wish型
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:- { z! [5 V! c: ^! j9 H5 r' R2 {
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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L6 B5 S; Z% K* L6 C [5 Q+ f 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do2 h: f* i4 }& C- b3 k
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例如:
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I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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% k& h8 K. \7 e# Y" n I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。9 F* ?4 a$ f; d6 P5 ?5 T! _
/ S9 k# t# E ~# w1 E; u } 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气: x, Q, ]5 j. A$ k
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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5 N. F3 Q2 M7 y/ R' h- W 例如:
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' s" k+ D' J' V& @: x If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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$ G, A) r8 L) t3 o( R) m 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气) t8 ^# R" l% w0 I
) A. o6 h8 [- ^" E 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done2 ~& Z# E/ F: e7 B) |; K
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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% _- ^3 U7 g1 M/ n9 j- F 例如:
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He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。" y$ {0 d2 h1 U8 E" P2 c! n
: Y. [2 o/ k9 `. O' F3 ]2 A* h He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。2 G' B; ?& x, k3 Q
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三、强制性虚拟语气
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1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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0 v8 [4 V% _2 K( F" C It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。0 X9 \5 h5 Z1 ^! Z& t
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2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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, ^! o" O$ k3 `' w8 E We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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! \2 ]( i3 Y/ [ When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)/ J3 k d; q. _
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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, L% P0 M: J1 c/ s' | It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。- I; y2 Z; Q0 ~7 q7 [
/ c5 \ h' I# l1 S! P6 Q It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。* x4 ?/ J% M0 j% n. m
* v+ G: H% n8 l) s, z: C. `9 Z- W5 f 四、其他类型的虚拟语气" `" J9 b; k( a1 ]" g. \& K& X- k
! y( I, t; z. w$ A# S, | 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:' ] w7 u5 M2 s6 c3 o* c+ e
) {0 Y3 }4 s' G3 r* N 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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0 G4 E) U- z9 q1 R3 \9 v% j( _ 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did# P7 ]- X0 |; W0 y: f7 ^7 X0 L+ P
2 T& ?* ~' m0 i. ]1 F 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。6 x0 r3 T; w1 \8 J2 g* C
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3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:$ d4 W+ A# ?+ y
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。9 j/ S, k6 B* \4 Q. {
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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7 x/ ^* P, l/ B, W+ g& y Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。 S8 A) q1 ~5 Y: W9 g9 q
# C* V+ j& _- D9 Z! |( Q1 j) f( V Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。! b1 ?7 K. M* X+ U- W9 S8 E
$ w9 ~( ?$ e9 f, K$ I 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:* C F. n9 U0 m7 f5 \5 f
; V4 O. C1 X5 |8 [, T Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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, c" y3 T a: I. l( ? God bless you! 上帝保佑你!% M% w4 q4 _- Q
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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