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概述7 K' }5 Z$ k( G; u; Z
. R6 u* ?0 i( s$ I7 B( v# `" d 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。# ]" c) }9 k! I/ g/ K5 q/ ?# ?
7 [. P0 S7 z3 { 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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! r% k- @* S+ ]2 u4 p 难点释疑
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" _) r$ i& L* f4 t3 H3 ~ 一、If型
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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9 G+ e' }. \( W3 u从句, p5 [, u9 |+ r# {; U8 v+ J
主句
U& q: |$ }; B i与过去事实相反
/ e4 ]9 h5 ?' | `/ P! V" shad done
: t3 Y8 O$ h& j" G8 P7 o. q6 g( C. bwould/could/might have done
0 R: A8 @. l2 A l; ~与现在事实相反
' O5 m: J0 H; Zdid/were! z1 u1 T. Q! W) E
would/could/might do1 U* O- L0 _. m3 H a+ C5 Y3 h
与将来事实相反
# |. W3 o1 l5 e4 jwere to do/should do/did7 l5 Z# t7 @9 B
would/could/might do
6 ^; [/ S( `6 f' f& g2 @ 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:4 w$ T* y) Q7 x) c6 l* F' Y
: c* f5 Z- k3 n' G* s$ R2 e If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。3 |. N6 d7 S4 H1 X" L6 l7 o
2 v- \! B, x' d* W' A If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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* _1 c. e: B+ K& g) e9 q 二、Wish型, t$ d9 t4 G5 l/ Y2 x9 _
* |- `9 b, P. b6 i: Q9 ~ 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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3 ~6 {* i/ W& Q5 C# N 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done2 f6 B- u2 @7 m7 B7 }
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did- B h. U1 X$ j6 F% C
, N, F/ \9 e/ m. e0 C h, b7 j 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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例如:
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I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。6 `" i8 l5 N0 s
9 o7 S H$ J. [" o3 {, B! \ I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。. r/ V; `/ y2 S% w" [
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气5 L4 e; l5 i9 A6 |
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
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* V! e. J. y. [3 ` 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did+ X, J2 ?4 Z9 p1 B9 N: j8 ?* x! B
# H; {# o) r) B$ `4 H6 p 例如:
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气, @0 R% ~! o6 v+ Y
8 V" z2 ~2 {0 N0 s3 P. n" x 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did4 l9 D; h2 |/ x! `. g1 C3 ]' _
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例如:
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; i" G9 a3 w1 H% f( b+ R$ o He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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三、强制性虚拟语气( s. b+ e! z6 F# g, B4 r5 @* A e9 r
! Y1 Q0 u; J; I 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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2 ]1 m3 d7 W* C, U' } It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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: g+ T- K! J1 |8 d! x 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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; l9 U- L: ]( s6 {+ `) x We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)! K2 O- }9 d, t; S$ m& _
' K4 U) ~' t v* E3 ] The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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$ d# u3 x9 D2 z6 G; f. y 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。1 z. ?. y( \* s% F3 T1 T! m* n
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It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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' L% @! l. ~5 U6 J9 x$ ?7 U$ x8 ? 四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done+ |; r( a$ ~1 S; _7 }
% O0 m. ^3 X' c- ~5 U& D 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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1 w$ H `; F! Y6 I9 i3 I 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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0 n: A; N& n3 N0 ~5 M2 s4 h7 c I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。; i, }' [/ N' k% R0 r
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:; q7 P' K) d: P5 I
0 x% o6 a8 @. i8 D/ O2 x: U; h, o Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。3 _: L) z" {- D0 X4 d& R' t7 R8 C
' J7 X" \* P( n0 J2 t5 n Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。: q6 g) m7 Z3 g/ C: a$ F! |# e
8 G( w7 Y. Z) s- s% P9 a 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:+ S2 D, A1 [! D' l# d3 p4 F
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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5 p0 m; x$ X5 u From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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