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概述
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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3 q' t, I' ?0 G7 r" J 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。0 M- s& k" d# t5 w7 e* i9 x" x9 ?
/ r. @" U. J2 ^3 a: m) }7 M 难点释疑; [3 b; b4 Z; o$ f4 `
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一、If型) K$ `8 I- f8 Z) K6 ^. o! j: @3 b
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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; t1 U- |2 j4 H, [从句4 F1 p) }# d) x( E
主句
1 d, u9 J, V4 v$ V与过去事实相反* f% n- ]0 t+ \! v% Y1 W9 X
had done) Q! w1 ?5 J7 [% |' p" b! _/ {5 p4 B1 Q2 u
would/could/might have done
: K* \+ S5 i7 e6 h* y4 R与现在事实相反7 X% e" v2 k' _1 |/ v+ ?
did/were
f) c$ n6 k, I2 g- D$ rwould/could/might do
L- F, I2 [4 Q$ K, V( q6 r与将来事实相反
' O4 r9 ` z6 ^. P! L' q6 V. W3 k8 ?- ewere to do/should do/did
7 |/ K0 p( t6 k) ^& owould/could/might do
* E9 V5 c2 u; h$ U1 J6 Z, E 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:0 C0 ?1 I9 N8 Q: [; _" j* `8 ?1 w
; I+ a# G! X+ c$ R! ^5 v If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。5 ^1 y) M. k- K9 r0 g6 c
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二、Wish型, m7 B) p, v6 `- H S
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:' i% e9 x1 I6 X( R. n4 Z2 o
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done# d+ U- Q6 I: r; X
- v" c0 n$ {1 G. Q$ R' G 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do9 [( N" V1 k1 f
4 w, t$ T2 m- r- U 例如:
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( m7 R) l0 ?0 v3 l7 D: n# ] I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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) R( {5 X O, E9 R+ a: D7 o% A I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气/ @0 O' s2 S0 c! N0 T% ~
! [4 t r0 |( W% F9 v 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did& l1 X7 x" g& i, P+ l: H, X, ~
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例如:# b) Z- A+ M* r& m0 v% z3 m# a
0 N. M3 M4 N$ Z" S" S% Y If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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: f' i9 W* u$ ^ n 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气7 P* ^2 I2 T/ N! |$ L5 z0 M; S9 m
8 U8 V% h5 H$ r n/ A" _ 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did* m" R6 J) _0 [# Q. }; H
0 F/ N1 e4 L' ` 例如:
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: i b0 c0 U& N5 ]; y* `% S3 Q He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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9 ]; X: P6 X3 o' U) } He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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- L3 D- q; O/ n$ W+ c8 X9 W% j 三、强制性虚拟语气
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" `% q- s2 |7 f, J; z- }- C 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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( u9 L5 T+ |/ Q6 _! S" |/ ] It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。& L$ Q D% @5 K! O" K% D* B+ ~0 ^, U6 F
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2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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! S- x+ o8 T4 s We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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u7 @4 H( I9 J- o; S When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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" _# e1 i) \# J: K/ i" ` The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)3 z: |: H( H' c7 ?" B$ ]$ E
5 Z5 a3 L5 w( C" G% I2 ?6 y! q The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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$ L0 C, F2 B' m( | 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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x8 q0 y7 l9 E& [& G It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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1 F9 s) l* E. X+ J It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。0 o \# b5 t' q5 C
/ I7 x: ^! ?2 s" }6 @ 四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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7 n7 |% j/ p4 [8 ~ 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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% o' G/ Z) D- [4 H! h4 V4 \ 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did& c" V0 o1 H3 T; m6 c
6 j% V; I* O% _& j1 E5 o8 F 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。6 E3 k8 D& }; {- p
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3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。; w4 ]$ P3 q5 S5 c& W
8 I7 j. M# }$ g5 y+ E8 l" D- J 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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' u- T+ s% q4 y2 K# M* V" [ Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:2 t9 ~# Z) a0 C0 R1 ]6 I2 x
0 a: [ _! b9 s5 ] Long live the queen! 女王万岁!4 d1 W/ q/ Y* X
7 h: R7 l. z$ U# e God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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