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概述
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5 N" W9 H8 k" j" N4 N* m( W 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:) q* R8 E" k+ V. M i/ j8 K# U( B3 L+ g
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。" X5 ?' u' }8 v8 r% h6 i
8 t% H8 I" Q( I5 g' e 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。2 K! b% U7 L" i
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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难点释疑5 R5 h2 N4 p4 ]- b
% j( n5 d0 w7 N$ _) b$ t' D5 |/ l 一、If型
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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从句
7 y w( f3 I( f- j$ M主句7 P, c( u+ x0 C' q5 c2 S
与过去事实相反' Q: j3 K1 w# k: l9 y" N' h
had done" H3 [' d# _9 i* |4 ^# F4 H
would/could/might have done" }- t$ _' I( v9 m" r
与现在事实相反' s; V" h' o G6 s
did/were f: I+ c. j6 R" G" J
would/could/might do4 ~9 X: o0 k# A A R
与将来事实相反
( D8 z* \! g$ `2 Z! zwere to do/should do/did
. Z j" X+ Z1 c5 ?6 L' Xwould/could/might do7 R# U/ E9 T' H
特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:% y! q( t) j5 c: A
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。+ I3 @6 h/ A8 x
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If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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, t% g! B7 k! Y# W& T4 L/ M* q 二、Wish型
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' @8 u- V8 e! H; u/ Y( b/ T [ 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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: j# E* v% ?# a; X1 s, q 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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$ x% u' k5 V4 T7 _ 例如:/ X8 t! w) `3 T# o' l0 q
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I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。( ^& \# e2 x- ^1 s) j
4 W$ T* E/ O1 e2 b/ L k4 V3 ]+ b I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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& s8 ~/ J; X( k5 p) C 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done1 p2 ], Y$ b- h2 s. i. R6 ` u
# D7 k L* [# ^7 x- S" Y7 L 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did! ]( y# D5 f: w9 M( C; j
% m: K% Q, E p5 B% B! i, O 例如:
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!6 g3 _& n' L" v
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气
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5 q; P( l- m9 `( U6 S 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done( Q. X8 d4 z' B# G* a4 G9 O
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did4 J/ Q* V, X3 i& D5 k1 `- a
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例如: x% `4 g. k9 r' P
- _/ f3 d; Q. v He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。; r/ l0 e, [9 i9 ?9 l& S5 O+ t: n
+ i6 \7 O% @, {5 }7 Y! l He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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& i5 s* v: V5 \. l( ?: b5 s 三、强制性虚拟语气5 n* P( c: ?! A, z' `+ S* ~, N
5 M; e. W! Q7 R! ^ 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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0 T4 l6 X _# o) W9 o It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。. N: ]# }* \. J* ?7 P1 j( ?) m
$ K# _" ?1 F- n1 z3 [" | 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:( D' u/ y1 i* O6 t, f
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。, o) t# d8 g4 {) y/ X9 ?8 A
4 X5 V0 T, V- ^5 I9 f 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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+ n: g9 i' z6 Q1 S" [ The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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% ?7 [9 ^7 X# _ 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:5 x4 d+ ~' R+ O
* T- I. _, @' y It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。2 y4 f' B v: P/ v" M; \$ ^
' }$ u B4 s2 M* g9 U& S) ~) ` It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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: d# W+ z6 y' }- v+ f5 \ 四、其他类型的虚拟语气+ N9 Y! @% R+ ^. T9 ^
( y) H% S% D! _7 g5 x# g, m$ K! | 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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) A( N( c9 O: |; Z2 ?, N 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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3 ^( z; j) }8 {. {* \ 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did0 @% S3 R1 ^! i# M# }: v7 p
/ W2 d: i7 F" v) t2 f9 V4 } 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。. w4 G* j; T0 r1 d0 {5 {
& W1 D( o' @- k. s5 E5 K 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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0 E% ]1 M8 v( }$ j1 S( A1 p9 Z I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。! z& ~" h2 Y4 \' N
% {5 F O; [ a( j! [ 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:$ [. j7 Q& N6 h% u: i! X
) [* c/ g' m% M Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。: E p7 v$ x. @6 c
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:% q8 O5 K" g/ t/ }+ P; b) |
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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