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概述5 u; E( p$ I+ l- E. m4 T2 P
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达: L: K5 M+ L% O& j& E2 \) j! t# n
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。6 D$ @7 n$ M6 y' I/ A
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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难点释疑
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: S- l7 l- C# O: M7 `% O% ? 一、If型
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& a/ O) U3 I! ?% X3 i/ ^3 F If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:* M9 o5 q8 M$ R$ B, s8 c- x
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+ A' s1 }: k- f7 ^从句6 R; X6 J \/ f) p, |0 @
主句
6 [/ j# l" O( ~2 E: [+ i与过去事实相反( u5 k6 z4 \: O& T$ B. {3 @8 x
had done7 s4 a e" Y( ^
would/could/might have done
% |, r+ u0 g. y+ N, o4 I) B! h; e与现在事实相反
- x+ ?2 f3 v, v, o& t; X% Cdid/were% N3 G, y7 x$ z3 D$ P0 b$ K4 I
would/could/might do. \/ E, f) u j T
与将来事实相反5 N6 _4 U3 v4 }1 @: c* l
were to do/should do/did
% | [! u: @9 cwould/could/might do& ]$ f: z( v4 ~1 k0 N' |
特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。# r c& V, D/ Y# U! T7 e9 Q
5 X( A: i {! W9 ` If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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二、Wish型: {: e6 u* v2 N4 v- R# o2 @9 A7 A& H
! w' U2 h4 M# p1 j6 `. c 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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( o' a8 Y. [4 l4 k' p, r 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done! d) o: s! X7 [. s" x M; }
5 |* r* @- k2 v, t% g" [ 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did+ U( D& m7 N& M6 Q" k Z+ h) ?
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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; H7 g3 P5 l- L: L5 Q' T6 K2 D1 L 例如:2 ]/ m2 r/ P5 h* A
; U' {$ {! O1 d) a% c" @ I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。/ G9 q0 ]( D3 U n
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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( ` }, z+ _' e% m 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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# r$ P5 Z7 Z/ I3 ~7 E 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done& l4 K9 E9 p) P" K/ E6 w' u
1 X/ T8 U- t/ z X8 L: D 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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0 U2 ~* Z6 l) J5 R& l- t: A. ?( } 例如:
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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* z$ ?5 h' ]# d( q7 T( f 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气3 ?7 j7 r- r( f+ H a t
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done7 y8 Y/ @% ?0 X- z3 W; w* P
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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7 T$ m" M# H2 ^ 例如:
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He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。9 V. e! }0 H- I2 a( K/ v
' e1 ~; S* w1 a, a9 X+ J He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。7 M6 O! _) m7 M* N+ @% `7 o& K$ s
0 T# n" V/ }5 n! k! A# i3 v- d" n2 z 三、强制性虚拟语气
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3 B Q( [! d1 j8 d 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:* X6 a! ]. ^' u2 S2 m7 b+ e
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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2 m. h' K6 n* L( s+ u+ C. o 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:9 V+ x0 a/ S/ t& w& m, L+ t
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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0 f) y3 ]$ f& e! J4 E. m0 x4 I1 E. | 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)( @& ]1 E% w. U) c( |6 L' ^! l
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。; v: |" _8 K4 g, K. v
6 `0 p" p/ E d1 d( _$ W5 K It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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4 h9 E, D2 b4 c" w/ L 四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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! m4 w |3 x0 m) j 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:) V6 Z- ?1 p6 c& o$ y D" v6 F
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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* X7 E3 M5 T7 T' q' q; o+ b1 b3 `% m 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。! `& a9 ] K5 P9 p
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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3 _* H! U+ a7 L 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!# N4 P6 i0 A, {6 Q* P+ q
w$ k. Q( U1 q6 L/ A God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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' F6 ^$ \$ y4 y7 f; l6 a From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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