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概述* a& u" _3 n4 R# `( }. E. M& y2 d
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。( Z/ @8 y \7 g: V6 s9 M k
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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% i' ?- t9 ]* m0 K$ P* O 难点释疑$ E5 L% S) I3 [* [2 C$ a2 ^
$ u( h Z: }4 t5 i 一、If型% B. t4 U2 c5 F" S
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:5 H# U1 v% c/ s
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从句4 t& v1 y# a" J+ {1 a8 y. E1 T
主句* W$ o* {/ G5 j: Y- N; u
与过去事实相反& b/ k- C1 l$ [ t; H5 ~7 e7 Z
had done
% t2 ]/ M; Q7 Owould/could/might have done
, [. p; N9 m+ ]# b7 F; m4 n5 N# p9 T: v与现在事实相反
; y0 L6 N4 d y5 A# p# Sdid/were0 m2 c. z4 _5 `( ^6 T
would/could/might do6 t9 @5 ^8 z) s' x
与将来事实相反
3 H9 V; W) N5 ?- `3 @were to do/should do/did
1 A# w0 V( I# kwould/could/might do5 K5 r$ E5 p9 u- b, T
特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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' z5 f/ ^8 r+ v If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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6 R& S1 E, R! \9 b) e& J If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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二、Wish型
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) Z5 X# d$ I o- y& Y! Y0 i7 A 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:7 b. l" `- c3 C$ q, B B3 m
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done K, b1 P/ O' T/ j
: t# | n! s7 U: w 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did; R# }) c- f/ k' F) |# K8 X
0 @3 N; m5 v e2 |5 d8 f. D 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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例如:' P5 `: R$ s/ c1 i7 Y( ~ `) A9 a( A
! ]8 E8 i* O! v8 c& ? I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。# }! ^( W t. _ T8 ^ A
, T6 Y, r+ x, C t* {! U* i I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
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- P: [ N# L9 D$ H; I8 T; z 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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例如:
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, L G8 J# q5 Z& Y) J$ Q. _ If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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! H$ i4 X: {" G b/ K5 g3 H 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气& ] l# |+ z! y( z
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done- \3 h, b! S+ O; h
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did" H3 [/ ?. r9 q- x: @. E
# L+ Z, N7 N# R: o. O$ G% Y% f 例如:
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: @; X! y# X' l j He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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4 X) k. ~& |3 I# B% T He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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; m# U3 B- C6 t7 w8 ` 三、强制性虚拟语气; F; n$ d% {' d, c* W
" i& i1 \9 O+ V$ {( n 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:5 k9 `* o1 j+ \! F( m! M" f3 g
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。: n" N6 Y# @3 }2 D. `8 C- F
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2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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" c [$ C* \4 p" j We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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( E: m; Y- W: X0 { 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:, g- x1 V+ ?) k, }
7 R) m7 a S3 U. l* ?5 M% \/ M When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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6 P3 [' w9 }0 O7 f6 y The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:& @* c I _& g5 t/ I
+ X6 B) Z# N! p, h' ` It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。0 w4 ^6 ^) L+ v& W. d5 `% s
B* g$ |. A7 h, R It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气 S' b, b3 E E4 R
( e/ ~9 {) Z* m! U6 ~ 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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7 Z% u; W; h6 T 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。% d2 [- P( h: H7 E: h9 x
8 ~5 Y% w- {$ |" u) ? 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:5 }5 C& r5 R" h. H% B7 L
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。
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- u1 D, g% z! j7 b' R. O 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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# R) t+ n5 r) X3 Q) W Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。( `: X% S9 Y" n1 I
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。4 Y4 d, ~2 w' h
! |( ^2 A. L" k/ ~6 R9 {+ k 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:5 ~- ~1 t! [- M! T
/ a" I% ^8 _( e- b5 F; O Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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God bless you! 上帝保佑你!' l9 ] p! H- f6 X+ E p6 r2 ~$ `
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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