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概述2 d$ [7 ]7 a- r6 j. X8 l
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:8 ?( g3 \! d ~/ T6 K! _9 ^, @
) b- ~+ m* ?; F3 X* g& {, ] 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。2 P! g: _9 p6 H( ]1 R
6 H8 V3 B( [% T 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。( ?* c6 O" k1 X
7 c6 e' x6 _& u6 h5 H5 f 难点释疑
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一、If型
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2 m3 k+ [) h3 ^: i If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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! J: v0 n9 Y0 D0 J3 U; n' I从句
~0 _9 v; F! n主句
' p/ e' N; r5 L6 @ }9 W与过去事实相反
/ {& t9 K6 Q" _8 O S8 `# Whad done8 W1 p: J' h" m6 E; g1 Z2 i
would/could/might have done
- `, N2 l0 {7 o8 w与现在事实相反
' Y1 ]9 w+ v! u3 c( G6 ~! E* Mdid/were+ V$ C4 V- B, X, o$ h; }
would/could/might do# T4 p# i# P/ S b, E0 l0 X
与将来事实相反
, B, S# Y4 N# l9 S4 F" wwere to do/should do/did. v# u6 c2 c. W; u, Z( d
would/could/might do
- J0 N, t2 q9 x& v0 j) j1 Y 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。6 c5 r* q: y1 g$ e; d( T
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If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。, n2 O5 G( p5 r5 y4 v. V. n
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二、Wish型 w! b; u9 @! u+ L; A- c
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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! f! N1 W& `$ e% l0 Q: T0 a' i/ r 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done' _, M3 \; f, _# r; l' }) o2 b
& a5 k. z0 i! N; [ 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did$ r) t$ x: G2 X' ]5 C
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do Q9 M" O, m+ a% |2 H$ ?0 p# R9 d
- f" W' W; B5 x c) h* M 例如:
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$ f1 a( }8 `' j. Z G, L# `8 q! `0 y I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。1 i8 s! N, X' D( U1 |4 S! e
4 ~- Q0 N, A+ r% A I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。& M) q g3 A, E8 f
% F# b! L( F1 i, V* ?+ Q: b 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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" k2 r. C$ L* _! _3 P" | 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done# D1 ~% v4 T0 B9 U
2 C5 b# s! B- d4 A! d; Y/ s- p! L$ }. [ 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did& J* U* X/ ~& H! ^& u
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例如:9 w* e& H/ I$ `8 {" Y' p" U
% C6 |9 c* h' j' ]7 K' Q If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!! j0 p: s( V! `/ ]6 `
- b) }' S' a3 R/ I 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气
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% n, o- |& {1 T( `. M, m 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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* ]) R8 I6 g" T! I: n4 M 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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; [" m! Z& |3 ]3 L3 U* g' q 例如:! i7 U: J8 M8 c) a$ p
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He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。; O2 u* Q6 O$ ~. m
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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三、强制性虚拟语气
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" q0 N# `' F. M& g" D/ F9 O 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。2 A- z) G; u9 [4 n2 Q
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2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:7 I' V2 ]0 `! n. G, s; ]; V% i
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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. }" E' X' j( n0 h, P! n 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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4 n6 X5 z& W4 [: t* x' K$ ` When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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: F$ U2 L, q8 ^9 R The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)9 ~- P% p: p! ^3 O
# X$ k1 p' R V& Y, }% n/ M- a The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)& d# t, E# \: A0 e$ T! u0 B I0 F
0 K& F0 P8 p& U' `( t 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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- B* ?# `# [! a" L! D It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。, z0 K# G) G+ M$ D1 x/ L/ F6 y
+ p* i; N) H$ } @% ` It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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+ p; C0 |$ Q# \* v+ n t3 d7 r 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done( O7 O1 L. {, Z6 o7 |
) j8 k( V" { k- f8 Y/ N8 A 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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: B3 W. P v5 f3 E% }% z; [% P 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。4 h4 K( C$ c$ E, a/ h
% {: t# p, S1 b. Z& p5 t 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。" Y: {* G8 j2 V7 Z
# N) a4 M$ H9 k" n+ M 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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; Y8 g C8 B$ m Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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1 v+ q" p% Y$ J- D/ o Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。9 v, L1 p: D9 r- C3 r
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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+ ?* ?+ q8 [ C; E0 H Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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8 d F2 O/ ?1 {5 Q- ^1 B- F God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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