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概述
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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$ d$ m0 v& Q: Q 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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6 G* ?8 a8 E, @) B/ ]% D3 d 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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难点释疑& M# r& u7 i: w+ ~: t% I" j* P( U& Z
0 G" ^# s& ^, E8 c* G, E 一、If型
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:1 b# [2 A' B" w5 }' F
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从句
$ e( B% P( \# }主句
) V+ d. c" a" M与过去事实相反
& z% [/ v/ r i Q. M& Ihad done' |* D& G0 v. S) m3 e
would/could/might have done* r1 u% N; S) m
与现在事实相反
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would/could/might do
) _/ P } t, i9 G/ m% f与将来事实相反
$ t4 X9 R) V/ A/ f! Qwere to do/should do/did
, v, F7 S/ G" C+ swould/could/might do
/ w- d% Y) W. S* b3 C$ c [# ~ 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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0 A; W/ B7 g, F9 H If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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- D" |* U- L L5 S& t1 z If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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二、Wish型/ ~: F: e) c% v/ B
6 q* J! t1 e' `8 x- L 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:9 r) o$ S+ Q0 T! n! V' ^
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done' k$ l S3 a$ X$ E" \9 O
9 J8 ]+ M6 e1 C+ w ?* P 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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例如:
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' s- @6 s% j/ z u3 H I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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- U0 s' U7 d% `1 s+ ] 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气- ^7 k7 k% R8 k) E( |$ e
, G# ~0 y* \5 y/ x8 b! R0 n, w 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done0 B. j4 [: S/ i3 y2 X5 C% v0 ~
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did- C; ~6 A8 F0 C' h( Y+ ?
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例如:
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气7 v4 |0 L! r* Q) t' c0 }
* v- a( n# m, r% @( x# n 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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4 b. H+ c: B3 y4 g 例如: w% E" I% z$ D7 }$ c
2 g' N( j/ E8 F/ [ e$ J' t He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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/ q4 A; @* K' A* o5 o/ }0 x5 B He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。+ l, F7 B9 L" @3 f$ z
9 Z: e, I3 Z- m' t# q2 k& W& I! e! e 三、强制性虚拟语气3 g2 S" U& k i' A- I' l
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1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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/ }/ g% F! t+ @' ` u It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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( m) d! ]4 E$ [. N; W0 g; ] 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:% B7 p" }/ l) a# Y& y9 K( C
) Y8 X) F+ }; K0 @ When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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8 L# |5 v3 [# f% e1 c The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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- A1 p3 q. t, t! r$ m0 E The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)8 q0 e" X; Q2 O y
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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6 [9 l% N( y- s0 k6 r' s6 }+ E" Z It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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1 a% T: O. Q( m9 N2 } It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。' X) S u, ?: u$ x: v
9 d# A* x7 @5 r4 x* e 四、其他类型的虚拟语气# {2 z9 D$ Y: }
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1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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/ B5 _7 W4 [; @, H 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。! x( C0 V; T. y" B- D% \9 c
' ~3 ^( X( d! c( t1 x9 d2 z, F 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:$ Q1 s* |+ Z: g6 f2 p4 R
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。0 B8 l: c9 @3 Z9 R6 z
% f. k V$ U2 ?: I 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。4 g' |" ]3 ? b
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。 W6 i, F- M6 p3 @- y! L/ D. S
) N/ ~6 r: @. F2 F+ `2 Y/ y( O 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:) G: v! T% U8 Q9 x, V
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!' S" T4 I! w- n6 d
9 X. D2 { T5 f$ ]+ B God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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