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概述/ [( x8 ^( x/ Z; W# v( D& D: }# h
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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" k- O7 D; K2 o0 m8 K& J 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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$ A& J5 y( r5 {, P' S 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。& R7 m% r* ?6 B
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。5 Z$ I: ]6 `8 W3 t2 L$ \5 I; {
2 ~; P. @; g# y( ~+ F1 M 难点释疑
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一、If型
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- }" L9 a' V, L7 I! T5 G! Z If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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从句5 ]. D9 d+ N" ?
主句* o0 S& @6 L' k, i5 k5 t
与过去事实相反
$ e1 X" j q L ?had done
4 }% {) C- g. I' ~would/could/might have done8 x3 K- h9 @* D* z% x. @
与现在事实相反0 o) @$ \8 I: g# I
did/were3 G" s+ `3 m. h( i7 j" @) H- {6 a
would/could/might do
* G4 Y$ Z, F2 Q; I4 ^与将来事实相反. i) ]4 i6 r0 ?! \/ N' y% B/ H+ @0 [- u
were to do/should do/did
( H+ h: @6 ]$ l: r$ iwould/could/might do
" K4 a" A9 E; F# S8 Z, g 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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r5 p" _, M" ^! A2 n" A/ f If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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# |: V0 Z; _3 L) \ If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。+ e, S7 a9 t, [& A- g% J( O3 }
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二、Wish型8 U$ w" O1 i2 q4 h# d w5 k9 _
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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" H- |9 {* C8 |2 _ 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done0 O# s+ \2 J. D" O* ?4 I
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did" C4 @. x; z* n3 C
: l) O% d S' F* p 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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% ^4 I0 z @' Z4 c3 Z ]5 q 例如:
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5 k/ |3 N4 u6 a( \7 O+ ?) g I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。1 g4 H I" O% p9 n) g' O
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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. [+ _- ?1 x* Z 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done* K. Q) [7 g& V! s
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did* W/ E' J+ t8 u( p: c; r7 l
" v9 Y% j- R( V2 `3 g 例如:
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# b9 J* ^) @; q9 @! @ If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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7 l; U i9 V% l% ~* C8 x- j. S 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气8 D$ Q* K" }* W2 @5 O; D
( ~* H* C( c4 e j. g 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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例如:5 u& G: q* A4 o
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He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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三、强制性虚拟语气
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1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。% a0 k8 V4 X J1 _
' n0 a2 B5 F Y+ c4 ]$ K# c 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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# Q3 { j1 c( o; k We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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/ Y2 F4 ^' H+ o7 k: g$ `0 j! M( Z 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:! l: K' a# F' q9 j/ J
& K+ {- R# P( q; p$ a When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。) H# S! } g+ g' Y
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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& s+ L- k' l$ l The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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' C7 h7 L* L" @: j$ T 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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' {% s: a7 X8 c, D O8 h It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。# {) |, \! E3 P
/ ]; P8 t0 }& s9 Q* R. T4 b 四、其他类型的虚拟语气 e/ X, [/ \, L1 B& M
' P) g/ m; k1 n5 n4 A 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:- B2 k* l" Y+ l
- g3 b4 f1 u! a6 n) [ 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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$ T& J% w: }$ n, ]" U4 r 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。! k/ o3 u1 R4 W' w
1 d" I: Z& n7 B" W 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。' e& e% ~( D0 J: ]! [( g$ e7 ?- h
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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4 Y% ]0 F' E+ ?& Q1 A2 f( m Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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5 T1 m3 o5 H, s# o+ R/ i: f+ x Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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8 u% S. [5 E/ C Long live the queen! 女王万岁!, d1 I, z. h4 Q3 M$ _
) a: F$ ^9 R" W- R% W8 `7 u6 K3 a God bless you! 上帝保佑你!& ~: w* d! w1 _
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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