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概述
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% [$ g+ V9 U7 K 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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" Z9 p& S( j2 w) v) l& v 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。; h- O8 h: @3 B8 k' s0 s( j
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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7 l. J9 X8 e7 u' ?( ], P 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。8 W+ f+ R! n1 f
1 H- D0 t1 _- q( X# ?/ o' l 难点释疑
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一、If型
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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4 m% P1 q7 F5 t从句' X" U+ T% _. ?/ M
主句
% a; a8 s" f8 h与过去事实相反: Z9 H; f T+ M R3 o
had done, `: k" ?! t1 |1 q4 B' l" l4 o
would/could/might have done3 }2 D) E+ R. y. e7 p) q" a
与现在事实相反
2 d E; R! r+ L% sdid/were
, C0 g; h, F* b& F: Vwould/could/might do% s& \, n, ^- S" |3 N
与将来事实相反. m9 ?- C- \- m
were to do/should do/did# f1 X7 I: ~; r9 X
would/could/might do, r+ X) p0 d* f0 w
特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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& F4 r5 F' R+ ~& @4 C: l* M 二、Wish型
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* @: C% e" Z- v/ Q 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done T2 _$ O4 H2 x; @/ w1 M3 o
1 \9 b4 N, w' ]" M3 m2 U2 Q6 W# d5 V 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did- v5 Q4 z1 [* E0 s
6 D% E& b* R6 U4 L 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do4 O+ q7 S5 m- c% m
& k$ X9 l7 @" V' s6 c3 \" N 例如:
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! T8 p3 U; o2 W/ y" l+ \% `3 {) z I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。4 u8 |7 i( v7 |- E4 ?
' E5 W, m( V6 c0 |/ _ 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。) ]" }$ M6 g1 K& F$ Z7 K
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done% I) Y* m! e& h. X, X* r3 q
: n( i& ]/ a, l+ l3 ^8 ~7 W; j4 E2 r 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did2 q5 ~3 ?( g$ T* F" L5 l: G
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例如: q: v0 n+ c5 ~" L
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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3 E. I% n. b/ [- m$ ` 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气1 e* ~$ l$ z4 K: M) W5 _+ ?
2 P7 I" X1 K5 {" V/ d3 Q# P 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done! E x3 m/ ]1 a2 e* h c
: N9 y2 b7 S) y+ N7 F4 D8 ` 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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例如:
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He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。: [% F/ o, O b# h6 `% S6 a) R5 l
& f0 X" C3 a7 o2 d6 n; X 三、强制性虚拟语气8 ?) O5 n; x9 y7 u5 H ^
# w, x6 q5 |8 W1 _7 _& ] 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:( x- D) n3 G6 y# G% X, V$ ~
: `" k! c$ U9 M' c; T' ~ W It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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4 ]- R1 B0 _ W! e; S" N 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:% I8 Y) E( a/ l( z( n5 k+ N) A
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。3 F! V4 m; n! c9 V7 h: O' z
3 R) o' `- U" w% f, ? 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:; T* i8 s3 l* c, g( \6 Z
) k, V9 r& b3 |2 D When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。! H. p) p6 e" U- K! w' ]
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束), `( Y d% a0 x+ ?- J
6 d" g5 w) n. R L The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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, H8 T; c' i& Y7 G: J6 j% e 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:& M% q. C! E0 m1 X3 V" ?
' N& D* p | A It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。+ W% g$ c) ]& o; `+ m- C
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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( B' s% c# e& T2 {5 T- W 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done. j$ k" B9 A0 d+ Q7 I! Q8 s9 d3 Q
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did4 Z1 O1 _' S: H$ t% ]& K( Q8 c
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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0 ]" N, D& F1 Y" f* {* c 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:# `, p! l" A8 [) S3 h
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。3 m h7 c0 A' R! L( l5 T
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:& B% _9 K$ [% _: Z% u
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:1 a4 N4 q( V! ^" r
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!) D, A* j" X' X+ `% a
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God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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5 P$ W' \; A7 X6 M2 I. F From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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