游客
- 积分
- 0
|
概述 [0 g/ Q$ U- @2 O
0 @9 j) J, K, z
语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
- X( z/ j7 ]. x9 ]
" m' J; q. p; B; w6 E8 [6 X 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
( ^0 q. s% p! |, s+ _7 d6 o* i. _! V) j% A9 M" W
2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。& P. F; S) K. [
4 o: X6 f/ E7 ?* S 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
# h5 G9 J9 m& l3 [8 d
0 L- z9 d) p2 u s 难点释疑$ F" p" a: K \/ e- m/ B, `
- i. G N; w7 _! l& I3 x* p
一、If型5 ]5 t, ^2 Z; B: N# |
( U' q1 U% Y( {) i+ p- a% U
If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
& b8 X& n& Y% i
/ q, p Y6 _& q! B: J/ A
9 ?4 w! q2 J* i( y* a+ H" D从句" k; ~" B$ K0 H! G" g" T: C' o0 }
主句
+ E. s( p& E* Y6 }* I与过去事实相反
]6 m5 C& U/ \+ X- y9 n5 `2 Zhad done
$ S6 J$ w/ U8 k* s5 ?$ w( h/ r7 h+ rwould/could/might have done
) o9 b4 l# ] J* K* ]* X3 b与现在事实相反
' e& x/ } n9 sdid/were( o. q8 t6 E! @7 R; C& g4 {, T$ ?! R
would/could/might do
% X! _4 |# D2 d9 x与将来事实相反. M! t/ a& g' {8 l0 R. t
were to do/should do/did
2 X8 e+ }8 L' Y0 qwould/could/might do3 t" |0 S! \0 p
特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:# w9 Q7 s8 A0 K9 `" ~/ E
- k/ I$ f9 l( i$ R, p/ d8 c
If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
( P2 D( e' o5 Y# ?. t" e( |1 M+ `( O8 d- B6 \6 A r& X
If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
& s% r. |; b' Q& |. N
) C7 `8 q8 J& D! B 二、Wish型* _' Q0 r+ Y: }) o3 d
8 ^) G" | L* ^ 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:. E6 v+ O% h/ ~6 \: f i# k
' {1 H# h- d3 P# ~
与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done. j6 u0 Q8 k. Y# U5 Q* K
5 s. }- o& z3 Y4 D/ y5 @* c
与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
! f S. ~ E# Y% R! g2 \& s! L, F X% \! P( `1 n* @
与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do1 P4 b9 b8 i, }8 z$ u' x
6 ]1 k$ \+ E6 z, u4 |0 E) Z# N3 t" { 例如:* C) [' U( j/ r+ T5 C2 W+ I
( o1 X& f$ l$ [$ z I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。% f7 d( |, F4 r }6 | u" b$ K
) }' u9 l& J" n
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。3 k- M" @. m. k* w( |& I- c+ ~
* |' F5 X) s! q8 ], P# m# l
同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
1 ~0 B# C, J3 H: f: i
5 J2 {0 H- ?5 u7 i% ?& ]& l8 z 2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
$ H# x1 F% X6 W8 S0 d# F' q1 u! r
3 p" c( O- ~9 s- h- L 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done b9 l8 J/ ~! u
; ?" i; j5 P/ w& u5 v) J* L2 F
与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did) J$ |3 s( N& A) c: U( ]
$ P% A+ [- m& s) O 例如:
8 K5 Z9 x4 k; s9 O, B3 Q% `2 h) @% ~4 Y
If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!* Y/ i* k' K, h$ S
9 w1 s5 d/ e- v! }. l$ z 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气5 s) C; d( S+ U; X* u
6 i3 L6 y4 R& g b 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done- G2 K/ i" g' ^: R$ j
: P0 O) x0 M; O 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did- @) O9 X4 B6 r+ {# b
- E7 g6 ^& d4 Y2 w( k
例如:0 c: x+ W. u5 D* i
" G# t! U/ a, p) H/ I He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
4 ], A$ P+ W c6 d( Q
$ c+ @' t8 T* b6 E" s He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
# O7 `3 {" V" h& M8 a2 s' h2 S2 m# `0 p6 b2 [4 K
三、强制性虚拟语气6 m0 x6 g! b! X I" D: |4 j
2 Z5 h( j6 T: g7 [5 W* a 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
% \" g8 k# x( h4 D: o1 C& i4 c3 N
2 _1 H! I# Q+ V& N$ w7 m+ G It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
5 _$ J8 Y8 x& d8 ?6 L: b' W* z6 ]* W, u: \, E1 m6 y9 _: T
2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:2 n9 s" Y/ G" ^$ }/ V
! q; Z/ s5 S4 f& Q3 T9 d. L3 k
We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。2 h# v1 O8 ~6 Y1 b" v
3 s6 A/ r& W0 ~. U9 m 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:6 B9 o% ^! W: T% R
0 h" i6 Y# Y- O* p- { When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。" y$ b. H: |! v4 V. B3 `2 h* j
( r/ I+ W \) a7 r; t" Z/ @5 k0 n* | The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
: }/ m0 ^2 ?+ b' k8 f% n& l
7 ]6 s8 @7 }5 u6 ~9 l9 L$ _ The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
$ Z/ [1 V$ p6 ]! J$ j7 @) w: y* k+ l: l) m) ^/ ?
4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
5 Q# H2 S' J7 D) L4 z+ d6 N
" p- j: @7 h& N2 _; h" e" ^ It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
! P) U* g. h6 N' R( Q R& M7 f. O; [) a7 C
It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
, F9 N; a4 J i2 ^
+ E( ]- Z9 C/ P8 I, b 四、其他类型的虚拟语气
; e; r& U; W" R
$ r/ [1 p8 [3 y3 [ T 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:7 `9 E) r9 H/ I" S3 D1 \, j4 A: U
. q5 ~6 \( `6 e& y- B" F8 j$ |9 f
与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done6 H l: e2 U0 [, X3 o& t* i
# S; o8 Q) _' r/ y" l k 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
6 W t4 I% Q& ~4 F) U
, |6 Z4 {/ x+ j# ^* L( ]7 ^7 m 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。+ y/ w; E' ^ K4 |% b5 u
7 `& X# \5 @/ i; H 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:; d, l, k3 P3 s6 o K
" g% _: _+ W8 Z I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。
4 R4 j) b1 s9 W% Z, T* R- P6 X( J, w
4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:7 m5 J7 j: M# [" a1 z; U3 ~7 z( X
( e( p% {0 R: v- K Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
$ B. \( ~3 ~" Z( t- H- V( m
) X' R- v1 L! p, @$ \ Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。* s+ v6 T$ Y$ p( s# y" i: k
J3 W0 Z5 f Q- {4 w 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
4 f, h0 @; |% `$ Z9 B1 v F* v, ]1 j( l, ?$ D5 j
Long live the queen! 女王万岁!2 L9 S$ }4 R( ~: G: a; c. [
* h/ n) _. G6 W
God bless you! 上帝保佑你!9 V3 ~7 r. B7 }; z5 x6 M/ |
/ f$ I6 L+ v+ g; M1 _% ^0 v2 w
From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
|