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概述- A9 D& ~& x9 N
3 k3 f- \- ?2 e$ L" _! i+ P/ G 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:" g9 u% l& U1 I$ P2 t# O+ w
2 b0 O8 l. m6 b$ w, h/ i1 D 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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* N3 y1 q( z( ^! S/ O7 W; X3 Z 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。. _, H0 f e i+ o$ z
" e! r& I [( e( a' P1 K& [ 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。& e, W; b* [. }1 `( e
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难点释疑
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一、If型
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$ t R6 e! y/ W9 x9 [2 e If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:6 o, w; a, Z! d _1 T4 A& U: @
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+ [6 m* M, J+ X: e6 u, Z从句
8 U3 ~' o8 H5 g- _2 ^- p5 I主句! V5 C% f4 R$ s- \+ t9 G( P6 l3 @
与过去事实相反
8 |% A; h4 B3 u: L# v- Nhad done _' u7 z4 Q% Y9 b3 ~
would/could/might have done- Z) @' h8 g$ s+ L/ F- f% G
与现在事实相反6 I, M* w1 _1 w% b" k. P o- n
did/were p! P2 D1 B" d: T3 o
would/could/might do
% n3 c4 L1 m' D" z4 R* }4 t$ B与将来事实相反
6 D2 q/ p& {% x5 u$ J$ G4 k6 O, z$ rwere to do/should do/did
% d, w* R# g* D( a! }+ g0 vwould/could/might do
- I" g1 O( B# p/ p2 ` 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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4 p( g7 S1 f- a1 Z/ t; K, v/ k If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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8 \4 J' I. i9 R7 G4 H! h 二、Wish型. C4 P0 C# ]3 H8 x; G
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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' \9 A$ O/ j7 X9 m 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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" `7 y% Y/ D* a5 r 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did' d6 a- c8 i# o1 \( L9 x
: G* n' c. n2 \" ~ y+ ~ 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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6 s n$ D+ z' v6 h( ]/ A 例如:- W. I* ^' r0 q! h2 F* D* V0 x, K4 i
6 q* g" Y9 P2 ]8 i2 {& {! n: c I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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/ a2 E$ y+ V. x# ?0 J" t I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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# S" ~% k$ h. I7 _/ J 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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% F C$ |9 X% i+ j# E8 a 2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气2 Y& j6 K+ A0 O/ s
9 N3 K' X* d$ K4 S6 Q, _ 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did6 T* c( F) K$ Q! j$ r6 z" C
5 A: v+ {7 O3 C- i: z. l) ? 例如:# z( p r& d- S* \7 N, o# E
S& `, T! ~. l$ q If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!8 N6 }6 h, W" @8 m" u/ D- |* X4 c# U
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气* `4 l0 R, f7 D: H2 H6 T& Q
: b/ X* S) L9 s 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did0 X+ G& T8 a; @* z- o1 d& C
: {" [9 ]) K& T' N& U9 L6 d 例如:
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He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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三、强制性虚拟语气2 p) D1 p" f2 n0 I$ E; i
$ f; k1 b1 o/ c' P1 d {6 X 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:$ {0 Z1 r, }' [5 ~' J
- N1 W0 ^; Q7 j4 m& `% f$ G+ H! G, C It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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& c7 T3 x+ i# J8 p. [ 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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+ E; f! n6 t8 G$ h We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。3 C f% D. r3 i9 o- u" n5 x1 x
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3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:5 |+ A$ }* }5 b% A
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。$ ^" k$ m& U0 }5 P0 b8 d- N* W
0 H: A$ v) m' J The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)* c9 w' P: D8 t+ W
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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& }3 S/ I, Y2 l It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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) }3 y E/ w8 r$ d9 @* h 四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:- R& n$ A% M2 `. |/ d/ w
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did) m6 y0 C$ d0 c9 q- ^
: ^3 z8 a. F8 l- ]( u1 K; |" b 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:9 l: \/ }% A' P7 e" z
' |% t; ]* E4 X$ `9 l4 t* A I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。$ a" O. H2 |3 [6 w. ~. E$ g
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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5 w; T6 J# [6 Z. @ Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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. p) _: W# w% S; }( C 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:' e$ h( F/ O$ A2 [# r
" }/ q6 y0 p# g$ R. D' _ Long live the queen! 女王万岁!) R4 l+ N/ i; C+ d: s
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God bless you! 上帝保佑你!! Q2 ?9 u( y5 o5 V- }! p
8 k' [: ^, S$ g5 @. X. }$ p" W1 q From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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