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概述
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% y% l2 V9 C1 b- K( L2 | 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:& h0 ^5 z6 ]. q k# u+ m
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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4 Z# l4 P1 m8 b @% }4 J 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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7 R+ [0 a& A0 Z" s# F3 U% \% a- x 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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9 r+ {' d8 ]7 V3 a0 P' z! m 难点释疑7 J h! A& H, [
1 ^1 C+ z* _. o$ \ 一、If型
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( r! t) K, I8 A; G( c If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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从句) U, d& R/ E' y# I
主句/ W S0 L9 k- g0 u- c/ y/ `
与过去事实相反, N9 q! l: f" e% E
had done" }) m, p3 z4 |& y/ `
would/could/might have done
, [* W. f9 c; |6 K6 u8 _与现在事实相反
+ C5 @) N" v' A/ d9 _did/were2 x8 {; {- K1 J) D
would/could/might do1 X& C4 H' }0 M* k8 X" f
与将来事实相反4 w u/ } I( ]5 }' i
were to do/should do/did0 A9 @" `, G( W6 L( Y! T, a
would/could/might do
! S1 e) Q6 ^) K 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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5 L ?% c o/ Z( P1 S! a If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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0 C: o3 }/ i y8 J+ [ If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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- H" x; P# a; h6 P1 Y8 q+ i 二、Wish型
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:! h' F) C D6 A
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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1 ]5 Q3 u7 B6 U/ B3 u. L1 r 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did- e8 \# y o6 r+ m3 f3 s6 V# e
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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例如:4 n( _5 ?, \! |9 a3 v1 i) U3 p
# A) z- `: w- M* o- d/ S I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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+ H& M6 i7 z( B% ~0 Z* i I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。/ V8 R* f% {, G, U- |
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。* l6 t+ m+ W) c1 u+ M8 I
8 ^6 X# z. z, { 2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气; z' o, V* b6 _: R1 X7 u! G; w( @
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did. t! ]* U1 N. P; R! B; B5 M
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例如:2 f3 V3 l$ G# C* i* L2 G, s7 `* Z
* c& W( V, s# v. D( i" ]) R4 { If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了! V0 o) o' D+ _7 N- W; E% q( z
" m! S. g2 ?! P6 x+ c+ G V 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气$ N: F; H4 T1 w% F! t2 `' W& G
; C4 |6 o& C+ Q/ {6 o 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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0 e+ q; n. a6 Y0 Q; l6 a 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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7 `- s& l' b; ^1 A, G) { 例如: _* w) j8 Z" a: B& c0 h7 U( E" r
8 D( y* \; h8 G* m' [/ { He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。 T: X$ `; X1 [. p2 t# R
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。- H. n5 L$ t T) s. G
5 ^0 @ c$ ]- @$ K( d* m) ^ 三、强制性虚拟语气
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* a* x4 i3 _+ ?& N1 r, a& [ 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。! z$ l4 d& w7 R+ t4 l4 ^# o2 P
. Y' S" q S+ N9 l) `1 p 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:- `7 b: @! n* @9 P0 g4 Y6 e, n( y
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。4 l0 }- ^+ q& p* A8 h% w. P; u
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3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:/ v$ Y+ V6 c. E2 S
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。+ @, Y! X$ U# G9 \% g
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)' p6 ]) c ~+ r
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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* |/ {- [- s m( ` 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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6 G& M8 M7 C- {- o7 y It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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, k) J x1 X! U0 i% F; q+ _ 四、其他类型的虚拟语气- O7 t) {; X- Y8 [# m' ]
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1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:2 v* v7 Q7 [; j9 c
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done! z% r+ ~! q8 _% Y: o& r- C
0 e5 _/ t6 I- `: n* i( Z: ? 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。' T" k* T; Z) Z+ Y9 R8 W' z
# R) t! \5 Q9 \ 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。; ]- N; P3 |$ e- P- `* _
& ?9 C9 w: [ p: k' i) `2 I 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。; `5 ] C" e7 y& w- [" m) v
) Y! i2 y1 H4 K7 d* T+ @ Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:0 ~2 M" U9 K5 K
+ q$ Q+ y/ G. @# \; ] Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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8 V" ]( r% a2 H+ n. R6 @* Y% O God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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