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概述( s$ R% K8 h" | {
1 R" a& q4 a+ M* i$ I% k( S 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:6 W( k( Z" _7 a: L1 b' _" B
. d$ [0 D- ?& h3 B 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。2 z! b" Z9 \$ ~: ~/ W" n# |
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。) w. x" q% _/ @! x/ p( u. f
/ Y5 ?, S8 v7 E% S0 |' C6 v 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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* g% O4 y, w7 N, y. _ 难点释疑
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6 q G1 I/ n" }$ ~- | 一、If型 I- {# v+ J! I. N
* m/ B, x9 I5 f8 l If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:5 }4 b( |5 V& G8 j2 r
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从句" A" }6 l' H% ^- ]* b& Y1 |
主句" q' ~5 p' i$ z$ V( h, t# `- T
与过去事实相反4 o2 _2 U& U/ a$ Y0 y% G' u6 Z
had done
8 @4 Q; S j8 zwould/could/might have done- P6 @: u5 _+ C b6 v# o
与现在事实相反- E8 G4 q) o- y% A/ h% h
did/were
( d% P" h$ M# [7 |3 Z2 y) Lwould/could/might do
* _9 M; G2 |% k& \与将来事实相反. i0 Y8 T: ^5 v
were to do/should do/did y) h4 \, D. [3 g8 N0 ^
would/could/might do
' g L2 z1 k3 ]: s; g" { 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:- w/ H% C& j3 X! W
$ V% R7 Y5 `" c2 j1 e If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。8 S( x4 w3 t. [" `! U% h" u | D1 y
" {9 e& l5 d! B; W If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。8 x2 W8 X. C6 X" V
3 O& }- ^2 A, X( M. M/ L e 二、Wish型7 n! _; i7 m( A. w: O5 g
+ ^4 b ?1 X$ ^, y7 j 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:3 R( l: u* @. Z# _* T7 }
9 ?7 Z3 S% M L 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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# i8 y1 w* R' O4 Z! J 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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7 C9 G8 j+ }& |9 M 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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例如:6 @* S: X/ Q( |
/ n5 `! D" X/ C I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。) \6 _; M0 ^" e( f- f# d4 }$ i
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。( ^8 u$ X% o; E5 C+ f9 ?: A, [
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气: n- h9 v" r# h. D
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
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- Y: o8 N" H% p/ _" [: x9 \ 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did' s& x9 V- I# i" c1 [) R; d
. g" I4 ?; `+ v# h6 r0 X 例如:) G! o% g2 |0 A0 E4 i
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!4 I1 C% V/ h1 t8 I: X- T7 q
- j4 Y3 s2 \2 e0 E$ }3 E 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气
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; y/ D: v; G# y& T( }3 `, V 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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/ r5 S0 p! ~0 B8 i | 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did* r9 h9 r% i1 m$ Y; m8 S9 Q! g
( ~6 V- _* p1 S 例如:
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He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。9 m1 g6 }$ G' h5 z2 O
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。6 s. G( g0 X2 R4 c* U, `$ i
7 K2 u9 x2 A3 a# {& r 三、强制性虚拟语气
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7 L7 G, z7 H& y0 i! c 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如: D3 q6 d S1 y/ U1 c! A
; _7 O7 ^7 O5 G" f It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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4 g( s* T. {$ n 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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# s( T/ H. u C" X# G' ? We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。* H e6 R( \2 l6 D: b
* Q {) ^! T* S; O1 z! K The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)* z' ?8 F3 e9 l. m8 o8 z
! e, |/ J/ X- f! k$ G; f The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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: l. x9 _1 r2 X S% e. ?! h 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:* {! o; i" P' E. I! w
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It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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& e# s) b, n, H( i5 L It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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4 [* \7 {; _! V, Q3 |7 r% @ 四、其他类型的虚拟语气) a2 c$ N+ O# _3 W; R9 m
$ _$ Y3 R- Y! W# A9 _* r! q 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:! e9 }5 i5 G6 o/ X
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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, Q) c( t$ ^3 h+ s: x0 P 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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4 G- @% R9 y l, L# Q& c5 N 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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( T2 Q# n/ q1 } 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:6 b6 X2 D1 E2 o7 K! B
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。% d. z! S4 q( U+ x. E, T
; e g$ ?. g, a# a- R; ~( r 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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2 s o& D. z: P4 u Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。0 J2 E- x/ f; i* }5 _0 r1 t
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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q) s/ R1 p* ^ 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:) G& d& m: W* R' s' X. l \+ _" C
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!, y' j& _0 F% _8 W6 v& x, Y
) k% A$ ]# o- K7 z! J" w6 ? God bless you! 上帝保佑你!) f4 m" Z4 U L4 y6 f
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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