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概述
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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& V1 V3 e- x; C' ^4 f0 ] T! S. p6 L 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。* X |9 {6 C3 A- C
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。5 |) u! V$ b& b ?
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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) O7 t: w. w4 S4 ~* X& k 难点释疑
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" S( P% k% I( h3 L' x/ o% ] 一、If型
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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$ _& J. O @: T+ i从句
: |% K- X/ t1 N0 l5 t: P& O; r' R主句
1 A* Y9 Q3 ], d2 h' F- a与过去事实相反* ^- F: m2 T% }* M, g: s
had done3 K1 A+ g5 z- h+ ~8 J
would/could/might have done+ v6 k3 X/ q& Y! B5 Y% ^5 d- N& {
与现在事实相反' C+ p p. I8 `. e1 @) G! Y5 _
did/were
' v+ b, O5 |( T7 n, Xwould/could/might do
( P( e, ~' r$ S. O6 f( g8 |* g与将来事实相反
1 q) @' a( F; |4 w: k, qwere to do/should do/did* s4 d# {6 ?5 ?
would/could/might do
! E, |- E/ Z* N4 ]( @5 u* H' T 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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6 B& _: ]+ V9 v+ B, S If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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, Z' g! l4 P6 c. B+ o 二、Wish型
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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1 B" ~6 Q$ ^' q7 E$ k 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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( Z8 f4 n Z1 a) G4 V, Z 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do5 I) T, O! t: }
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例如:
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I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。0 L0 S5 _6 u O, U/ h! ]8 X" M" T, ^+ |
' @3 a- e) T0 W2 E I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。" b$ _. y0 d+ \6 N- j8 u; \
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done/ y) F" V% V% n8 l
1 h! L1 B& Y, Z7 g/ F9 m 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did) e+ O2 c3 S" m+ P! f
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例如:
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!/ L, W, V J! n
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气 M, S( o$ Y6 O5 [5 x/ {6 L$ Q
9 _5 `5 w+ }, R" u- H1 {. t- | 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done; T% ~6 E7 f( W) n" x4 @, ^
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did9 N9 {! H7 n- n# N! T: o
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例如:2 ^# b9 O/ J$ i, ~2 Y! Q. Y8 X
3 o/ R# r4 U w, d( ?7 f He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。1 c8 {) L' x. g/ C- u5 Y
- O' s1 g! v- I" {0 U& L He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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三、强制性虚拟语气
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* ]' E* y; M M$ f1 H" \3 l" t5 ~. s: { 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:& G9 R/ r7 ~. M' t3 @ Q/ @
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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H' |9 H& l" o U3 ]& h4 s When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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+ }' S. c, F: a/ P9 a The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:) O% L- p: ~1 B$ r6 ]! K" z
+ y% d% l# b- x( a! H- {! f/ H/ P, o It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。* l$ o2 {# R7 e" h: Z' B
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气- E# y) A# A* ]/ y
7 g! s! a( |& P9 s A 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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2 D" ?9 M+ [* z& X/ a4 t, o) f, D: E! w 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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" e$ f4 z h5 w- _& T/ D 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did0 m# t3 v) W6 T% y- c5 G% E1 V) |! H
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。5 Z1 b. T. z7 y0 h4 U
, q. G/ b f G; n9 ` w7 b 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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) {0 t9 S2 r9 U# x! j$ v. ]' j I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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; k' J, h k8 b$ S Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。 v: q/ k* A7 i1 g `
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。$ U$ w. I; [4 d; v# n
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:, w3 L3 Q; g# ~, d6 E/ N. q
- T% @8 ?7 D# Q' b4 t. i9 n Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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& d" a8 I, z7 G% h God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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3 u% X$ J/ j& u: S4 X3 G* [ From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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