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概述. }0 i, N. s3 C4 U1 B& \
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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难点释疑
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. ]$ Z0 c; j5 t- {5 v. o0 C 一、If型
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O5 q$ r5 H# q2 I6 `5 _9 f If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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% g) k) n$ C' C0 B" ^$ x从句 A+ ^2 _) A- ~' ]8 \' K
主句7 N) g8 }% o% x; P. |: b& n
与过去事实相反$ a# ^- \4 K7 ]* S4 J5 h
had done
. S. @2 y, ?& r- @( Q7 }7 N1 Jwould/could/might have done' ?4 H R' T/ a. y: B' l
与现在事实相反& q" {3 e0 g. @4 g0 J7 n
did/were
: d u! Q6 F5 qwould/could/might do
7 X* X6 x! |5 ]; ]& z1 ~ N$ ]与将来事实相反" |2 N0 u, l/ K8 n
were to do/should do/did# Y; p8 L" \, X, {; | z
would/could/might do
3 g! v7 t2 J5 `- m6 p. G+ d 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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: B9 [! Q6 k) H# E4 E' Z& x If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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3 q8 `/ f( y- T S# z8 d% t, ? If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。. j( B2 K, Q: a% v- L
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二、Wish型
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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: _& o5 C# V6 X5 Z+ Y( _ 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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+ H M$ e9 Y* `. p% f 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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例如:
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I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。. Z, P u5 D/ `8 j+ U- Z: r6 e! x
) M7 @! }" Z/ B' [ 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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+ m3 U: g: v. r! c9 g, r2 n- _9 T 2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done* x% q$ I3 o# R Y) i5 y, Q
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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- A' Y2 _# A) f' y 例如:
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2 o2 G3 D8 L E# y+ Y% t* H% K% ] If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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; y1 M) W1 N$ {2 ^ 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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& g# |) U- t6 F 例如:
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& T& N: U7 |, s He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。; u! D) ^6 M& } Q
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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% M0 ]6 ^# G/ f% C8 s 三、强制性虚拟语气
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8 y, ^6 v) ?: S; G; I2 z/ U! _% ]& U 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:0 o- r1 J: N, i2 _& Y+ b
0 y4 Q( v9 V' s& }$ n$ I" \ It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。+ r. O m9 p9 `5 N5 f
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2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。9 Y, ^* _4 I+ k# \" ^( k
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3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。; R$ Y$ ]) n# e0 V2 r# @# n2 j
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)" u" ]7 i- W. A7 |, \" w2 h! J
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行): ]( c( b0 s7 l3 L; g
9 ^. N8 T) `2 p3 d3 X8 j$ ?( W 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。# W/ S% j: ~ o1 a; t- q8 q
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It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气/ c8 O" K! Z7 {& C$ P
8 U. {0 H6 ^4 w3 _* o: T, J2 b9 i 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:) Z7 G& O; b3 q9 w* |% }; P
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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- j+ M& E3 ^- u 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。 a# e' ?2 Q! W& q" t) F" T
+ j# I. f: i X! k 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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' e) D6 O8 F; v V$ e' E I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。& j6 X8 f: U2 }4 E, s; k4 Z+ {3 ~
9 e9 H4 S G4 v0 Z0 ?# u' B 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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. _' s, M i) e7 C& n5 p Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。: o8 P) y8 @$ s% C" I. _
) |7 ~ {0 f: ?: g2 ?/ x 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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% D# `7 X6 r0 b2 J& X$ O7 H- t7 q Long live the queen! 女王万岁!: u* R/ L# z9 M8 F0 s! s$ V0 K; X
5 D* z+ X9 M* g$ r/ W God bless you! 上帝保佑你!& [' C! a" q. \# t3 n% _/ T
; `5 C& L# X6 O5 T/ v From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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