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概述
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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! Q) g3 ]5 j+ Z+ i1 e2 {* W. ] 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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) f3 V, I' M3 }" Q8 {. t( z6 E" f- ? 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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' p2 L, `+ y9 r: y9 _ 难点释疑
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一、If型
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% _/ V$ Z& W e; C4 ]& a If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:! _) l$ s( P, o/ G
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从句' q" ^9 F% V$ p5 B7 C" ?
主句
3 N- B7 s+ ^! _与过去事实相反1 A5 V+ `% v6 ]* d& f9 J8 m
had done7 m# C! a" f- _
would/could/might have done- u$ F! C2 E; o( O" ~4 \
与现在事实相反
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would/could/might do. B7 {- r, A9 F- N3 f" W
与将来事实相反
+ C3 {, B& E. r# Swere to do/should do/did6 p# S! u+ |3 [' a+ I; ^# p7 ?
would/could/might do
: M2 O& }( L9 t! c4 g+ t# g, i 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:1 z7 v* L/ w9 z5 I
* w8 s+ b8 n- w' t S1 u; C7 x If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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; J# _. S+ R; v/ r2 h If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。/ n. e6 J7 y# `+ F
6 I( J+ D3 A* O6 I 二、Wish型
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:4 ?) q. g" y& Y# q% C
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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# C4 z& z+ [6 O 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did& O7 i N+ A" d: l
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do% j. l5 c1 X2 s
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例如: Y3 R% k. n( G' X3 ^& v
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I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。, {% l/ K7 u! J M9 Q
2 l3 F. P8 ~; |% @. V/ w I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。8 a% `5 x1 {% P, C7 D7 e- j: D
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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7 T$ _4 b# ?% I) i' m 2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气1 }6 d) s* [! x3 B1 I( @
. m5 u7 x0 o; U ] 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done n1 W6 k6 [, b! h0 K: g2 y
! L) |5 E/ S4 m4 g' i 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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例如:7 x9 K! D% Q- p; y
9 f }8 v& T8 E+ L If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气; s, c u1 K- Q: p' i; u; F% r
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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9 w0 i- C% v' V6 Y' d9 t1 O 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did2 V9 G, W4 u" ~; W: g% s% R/ d8 o
6 [% j6 o( T; `/ I 例如:
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' n% f, E1 J' @" Z He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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9 q7 ~) ~4 z9 S2 T He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。# |9 _! C9 N* k5 f
& u" a: r3 P: H6 A6 z, O- l3 f 三、强制性虚拟语气
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1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:) t6 g- L1 H0 H( |9 f
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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8 ]3 W, U, f& H6 n! |9 b5 f: H 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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5 E. Z+ t: t! }: p f3 t: n 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:7 K% F9 C) f D0 l# Z
3 S d4 a( @8 A) ^ When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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3 p) s( P: z8 [/ R+ v" j The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)/ J" a* w& f- \9 ]
& h5 v7 T/ F; J* E, Z- W 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:: f' b8 @9 D2 q+ C) N
: \" L, ^* @$ h4 }. n V It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。, q, n h) P1 G# |
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It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。4 Y4 w! r1 c1 C3 [
! ]" i I* _. T: t+ O 四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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+ a q$ {% z4 _7 w 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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$ r3 g' @4 m0 h 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did+ g4 L5 n4 C# U# K
' | F. @, _( m# x; S5 Y 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。# o! y+ a7 ^# I a# V2 C H
3 l( i" P# A0 m& {# W 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:/ N4 G, W) l9 M; b) ?
% z" W4 u' h* J# w D# W4 D! ] I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。, ?6 b( T# h4 `: j
$ @- O X, f" l+ W7 j 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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: [' e1 ?9 T% |& q Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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! ]5 S( u9 I. M, k Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。& O. V! i$ _1 N- _! j
# @' J, t2 k5 o7 k 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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+ z$ o+ p* K/ a" b8 M& [. r Long live the queen! 女王万岁!! p7 e! @" Z% t- f: e# I0 k
2 d- @4 }; z% x. s& a" E God bless you! 上帝保佑你!1 J, K+ ~4 w% n2 J5 H% {8 q
# f! H) l* R$ E: F' o7 g( O From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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