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概述! e) o" B4 j2 d5 M/ V
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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+ ]- H; ~& @: @ V0 Z% A- i 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。4 g, A7 a# h |; f4 D {6 H
' _/ ^5 B7 X$ W1 `& Y. [ 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。8 ^ f X+ S( ^
5 [4 ]# x2 S) D. ?7 l 难点释疑8 l6 M. _* j' J" z( @ P
3 f6 f4 I" r1 S: D6 L+ d 一、If型3 {4 ]. F; e7 | s' o4 u' T5 `" P2 ~: V
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:/ V5 W4 q) o3 l/ c0 |2 ]' N& R* ~
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从句1 U& n, G) z0 L
主句: A7 K, r% V4 [0 h+ [7 |
与过去事实相反( ?9 `# F9 R# m6 J
had done7 F2 Z* w1 B2 R5 U! L
would/could/might have done
* X0 C8 A8 `, }$ Y- B与现在事实相反
( }7 P) S4 ^. e+ j0 adid/were
% @# N3 c+ ?4 g9 |would/could/might do
9 {, a5 o0 a6 n* d与将来事实相反$ L4 N. ]0 Y5 i$ P! @
were to do/should do/did1 x, H3 E4 T- L3 J/ l. F2 M; J
would/could/might do
" }* _ {* G4 v 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:$ Y0 o; t+ F# c; _6 c1 T
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。; G1 [3 b2 H2 L. ]9 |3 V
- t' a5 ^; r: `3 U) e, E9 Y% H If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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二、Wish型6 `& N- [; Q1 H: C3 J6 a% J
6 ]9 p* }4 D0 K) N+ T 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:4 c, y2 ^" w5 v5 z c8 Y
9 ?$ Q3 g( t `* ~1 F 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done0 ~9 z6 p: r$ v" U( W$ x% I
) U% I9 M8 \9 Z ?& x/ n o' H 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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$ q: g3 L- d8 q& n 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do/ s1 Z1 x+ _) y0 q9 \: @1 i
! r5 e2 I( A: M' F4 M# v 例如:
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8 |4 z! d* W( p1 ~6 o, F; ~' y) ? I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。/ X/ t1 g" ?1 i# c8 b. [
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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0 s+ K/ m, J" m1 T0 N6 U 2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气6 Z" ~- X/ `- S3 I7 }7 z
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did% B- l2 O/ Q' V1 x- X
: u, \/ q8 J j: K8 k+ }- p 例如:+ }( L( x. A& E! g. A& D: ]
% D2 c& r: A3 R; Y If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!0 f: l9 C/ V$ U+ v) W* @3 S# J
1 l2 R! M7 G3 X1 W- _ 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气
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( v' ]7 d! d4 J! x* O# s! A 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did6 N% Y1 ?& j$ ~5 O( J
2 ~' J9 D7 ^, q; m$ d4 _ 例如:( `+ t b6 p+ S* A9 } k7 G T
, u: k" ]) I# a1 _/ c+ r- Z He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。9 g8 D+ T0 Y O6 ]. j" f0 g# p
3 C7 Y% V0 I9 n. B" M1 n He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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三、强制性虚拟语气, p5 T7 W5 j' W
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1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:/ a+ k4 ]/ q" w/ g9 H+ O3 r4 A
( s) Z- [$ K& {) r$ p' ] @- ] It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。9 N n" V, o* o# S" y; I4 N; x9 X
! |+ G+ ~- y" @4 h 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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! C# F) g2 \5 T, A 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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( A( c5 l0 S7 Q When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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( R* O2 R; x4 `+ o7 j The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)+ `: K0 U |' ^1 Z! p6 a* r y
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)& z% g) N: d W+ N9 `, h
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:8 O; i+ ]6 k5 b/ v" b
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It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。( b4 ^7 K0 p& i/ p1 f
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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# j% C: @4 p# a& d0 i K4 u 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:& Z4 Z# S. h* ~8 D+ N+ j% L
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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4 z. @& q9 ^+ [2 R0 { 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did9 g2 @: H$ d2 n( p
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:, }# f( C$ j6 _) v5 C
J2 W, Z; }1 j3 I% O; j I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。+ W. b0 ?' l# `" d4 M
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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$ T' j- j1 j4 y- L; U7 p/ ] Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。5 E& B/ I2 b0 r% Y$ `9 q$ t' |, z( f
3 u) k G& o( G* A" D# W. A 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!5 V7 T$ v. g0 l; h9 K5 K* f
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God bless you! 上帝保佑你!1 C/ r t7 O6 C% [
O( @+ J9 U" w From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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