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概述* n* }7 c6 b5 @
4 O$ U( V4 t8 i$ S. e/ G% M" N3 M 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:( ?/ M' Q& [5 R2 H: e5 _+ ]7 A
O$ y5 [6 m I 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。8 M3 [# N. Q4 ^3 J+ q
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。" w0 m& K* a' G: C! H% {
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难点释疑. X6 M7 \ u8 \7 Y
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一、If型
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:7 j' m8 r: q8 }
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4 r5 X" Y' h$ ~: }6 b( G从句
0 ~$ J' o1 W* Y: N* c+ |主句: |* @4 c& S+ R u! W2 @! h
与过去事实相反% {7 x$ ~5 W4 s
had done
6 c' y# j! w; S9 Z; G! iwould/could/might have done: u6 b2 a9 ^( e T, _; g9 t
与现在事实相反9 i" _% v# \$ u) Q
did/were
3 B) K0 H/ a/ Y b3 n( U! Iwould/could/might do
% O. v7 K9 ?/ q) ]4 |与将来事实相反
) z, k6 k8 C- `, D* Z5 B+ y' O0 owere to do/should do/did
# Z' |6 T& l/ {1 a% v4 _) uwould/could/might do W4 j6 N& e2 w- s$ m
特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:/ m) [ r. `' z. i0 e
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。0 z, j4 E/ w7 R
: X7 B, q6 A( C. l% T5 [, z; d If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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6 w/ R( w5 f+ O 二、Wish型
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% Y- G: a6 }5 k 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:9 A' y$ j+ ?: k8 h. }
- f; }; G3 I" |8 I8 y 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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( r/ {7 B l n" e 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did) D! ~* S1 r4 \3 G
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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例如:
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0 d9 o9 F! ]% R I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。! L5 Y4 [$ p/ u- |( L. H% ~$ c
# x! {4 ^4 ~" L I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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6 v- ^7 t& m5 G2 h1 r9 v 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。% S+ A7 O1 H9 D: a6 X0 p
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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2 d& t, J4 y+ O3 P% O2 @ 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done5 e* m& B; M% R0 e5 ~, ?
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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# C2 f2 v- P+ k( S( {+ \- J 例如:
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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7 U7 j8 Y- T- S Y- J 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气
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% [3 A6 n' A; m' A- R 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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例如:. r4 A( J3 H+ n t5 m& `. V
# L5 D9 Z U4 f8 I6 w$ |2 R4 D He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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! v; `; t* r. A& i; R/ K! H 三、强制性虚拟语气( S% A O& S. v! j) j1 j9 D& E) ^6 A7 u
6 [# z5 [0 b. Y0 _ 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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/ x$ L' `: Z8 D It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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: l7 G- k; I9 u- E; k 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:; p6 l/ q( q8 [' o& k
. @8 O- {" ]+ E4 Y# Q) ^9 i2 n We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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" u5 ^7 C6 o2 W' ?# H0 e 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:7 V4 a% p+ w' h. l4 n8 g
/ u+ L) n6 D$ z: U9 c0 j When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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- L+ g9 E. j# t The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)( d, E4 R' ^2 l% a' O4 U R
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)$ ]% i, H( }* L' B3 u( U- S) f, f
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:8 u0 o) q' k$ P. ~! U
( \8 a4 R) |5 a: R3 P+ M/ U* J It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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8 @9 o1 B: K+ Q5 a0 Y2 p It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下: S8 c; H% A9 U+ z( z; j# v
c4 k! x5 D" ?1 ] W, ^# r! L+ _ 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did! q' q- Q7 ]7 h g0 l! v% z
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。/ l% i* p+ I; @
- V% y& @8 T( B4 ^& ~3 n: T3 Q4 H 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:+ I( d3 e- m( o. H- D! U
4 F" K5 a3 S1 e0 T3 A I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。4 [8 C8 t3 I: U4 ^; J/ [+ ]4 J: F
8 T% \ u7 m- S0 ]( P3 c" n# a 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。- |; c% S& l/ e, l6 r
% i, @( E: ]8 ?+ }% _ Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。; U0 _: t7 G# s+ N
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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% V A+ x& `+ b4 q Long live the queen! 女王万岁!( @0 h |2 M* g ]9 F
4 S- q/ F! ]5 X4 ]6 Z0 d0 L5 f God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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