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概述& A. s- z, J' a1 m `
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。3 `% m& \, T% u& Y" Q
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。4 B) Y; t" ?5 f" X I0 I' t' Q
0 W2 \1 N& T8 S* \7 h/ G- f 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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难点释疑
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一、If型# ~# d g/ U( T5 Q
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:4 m# m% \; @, b* A: g
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+ ]% {4 @( c1 H/ o' f6 W* Y从句
4 c; f; C9 Y) V5 `7 l C. `1 ~主句
+ { x- F) S( \! z; H, `与过去事实相反
D: |: d; {/ whad done
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与现在事实相反
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would/could/might do8 { q6 y. b0 F$ s K
与将来事实相反* f' }3 }: p8 `. q& H3 S) n h+ M2 M; K
were to do/should do/did0 [( T; T M( b% j
would/could/might do
/ q7 r6 j( a. E% \# Q- _1 ]% }* h9 G 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。' d# S" a+ |! s: |* g+ h
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If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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/ D/ S" K8 a" H7 P3 ?2 p* @/ Z1 p2 V 二、Wish型. n* {5 D) y! |0 s; G- C
/ Z) ]! j) Q- U3 F! y, v 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did, X& l: g* Y3 f9 r" N5 S, I
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do) e& e" a2 K) t# ^. F
" M+ S/ x* m( n/ C, ~ 例如:4 A2 u% i% D8 V( Z0 J
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I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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0 n, P8 f; C0 P6 M9 D8 ~ I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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+ @! R- o# U+ [/ v+ A 2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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. b, W! P/ B& h, ]( ^& v% r 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done" f7 A1 O7 t9 G! M$ {! A* ^
, y) i' `8 q$ b 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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- p" B& A! R; ^ w1 k 例如:* L n9 K$ B! E# K: o
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气5 Y# U) A( F5 \ u7 B. Q+ P7 Z
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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6 B3 L" B7 ]( Q; i8 |- ?) d6 F 例如:. n h& g6 k* Q) c
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He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。! S4 ^; W0 H6 p0 D7 C
; v2 Q2 {) j9 ? 三、强制性虚拟语气
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/ u1 z7 o) d- y# e' J 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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% d- q# V M' |/ v1 Z( G It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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. Q: y4 q2 g% N) @% d We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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. e0 c- }+ T8 \* h" y 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:/ a/ @! B; N7 g+ W( {& A$ V' e0 z
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。 U8 J6 G$ }% _8 z7 M
( }2 n6 C% N# [4 L- v$ `* c" B The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束); U% P+ v# y- p
3 I9 {2 F, f5 _9 s3 T9 q8 { The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:1 w* g! R& \; p
/ P# S% A; M5 c/ k- k3 A It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。8 }* |* e1 Q' l% [# b) T, }
2 e( \, }; J; @' a% L X, ?: w% @ It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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( T7 i) O4 O! x3 y Z6 v- Z 四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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8 R' ?& x2 `1 a4 M( h 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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4 z; V+ D# P: s3 K( I4 ~ 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done; ~2 D2 p7 i: |+ B
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did* K9 V1 h& `9 M! x1 B
* K& H+ b1 G- [; ^1 F 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:" l4 ]: Y! x' G6 G3 h3 M1 C
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。; V4 L0 p( w/ ^8 c: l. f" ~* c* O
% r' c6 ?5 x; ? ?4 C8 {8 _. y0 n 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。! [! `) r9 }) z
. Z0 J' h4 q ^6 ]5 Q Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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" h0 W2 O. A/ O: X. ?% z Y; L1 l Long live the queen! 女王万岁!/ \+ B; e6 V, K2 [7 l, h; r) l {' p
( s+ p2 i+ E/ A4 N0 n, r: u God bless you! 上帝保佑你!9 [/ D" K7 s# G. E* `
, H1 z9 Q3 ]: o0 b+ f From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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