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概述( g4 z0 p: M* w: q
4 C1 y: H% p) r" `' b: x 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:1 g9 d3 \# z5 c) @; S0 s
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。! j! K. w8 x' k( |% i: T
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。7 B' |& ^$ x# G% c
7 \' S! W4 x0 j0 F$ h; u, X! A) q 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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难点释疑9 A4 i% v# q6 E9 w8 ?) I9 W
0 l* X; a9 u( [' |/ c1 x( U 一、If型- _/ g. W r* u8 b3 @
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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3 ]+ F1 \+ x$ V6 J6 X从句- _0 D D: x v6 p% p' U& `
主句
" b1 S* E) ? [2 {0 {与过去事实相反
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would/could/might have done: y4 Z6 V/ a! H8 g/ k5 K
与现在事实相反" K$ W5 n2 i( V
did/were
: d( ^& f& Y( ]would/could/might do
* c3 I' j$ r$ o1 T- `与将来事实相反
$ D( l4 c0 w% b) ]# ?were to do/should do/did
( C8 O, e& e% ^& F' S# z6 nwould/could/might do
1 \" u/ x# @9 j3 q# L 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如: q |& D+ m2 H/ l
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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% _3 p( _1 z+ w% A+ p7 j0 B 二、Wish型/ [5 i2 G5 b1 H3 J. P
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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4 ^+ c9 _ r* g& Y: z' H7 T) W2 z 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done8 I. c ?" v* @
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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/ {# {6 g: M& o; C. z 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do. X4 Z/ w- e, I" x0 J+ @; J
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例如:
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# K) @. M [- [1 d- u% N7 b& _# A5 ] I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。4 h D4 U/ z& v( M& L0 {2 v- |3 c
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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7 J5 |" g x) C( w+ Y; r+ f8 }( D 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
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: g8 R+ w$ Q# l/ I. s! z& j; F1 e 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did/ ?" R6 j8 a" y* u, W, r
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例如:
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3 M9 k( j2 q: S6 {$ J If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气
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, h2 u( J& }. Z' T 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did. b6 Z+ f' i! D2 L8 z$ s# u
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例如:( H% G; K6 |- Y: U
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He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。: d4 j$ P9 U1 q9 ^
! L- C* y3 a: i: h! s He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。' R5 _% \+ K$ B6 r0 q/ g) \& V( _( L
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三、强制性虚拟语气+ b/ R: v; e0 v! |
2 y$ L# `/ `, A 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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* z4 c! ?' \9 P It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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- N" ^# `7 d! C' r: R3 F3 u 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如: r2 R4 @9 \4 }" E) S: [% s
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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% s4 x+ W! B4 w* Q 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:# ]3 T# W; ?( ?5 K: p
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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6 a* W5 k' ?0 H The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)- T! G6 {$ g* }! M; q% h; Z9 M
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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" h* M# ~! @5 r1 l, \% E( f# m 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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- J1 Z: |# a5 N- I1 g It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。; c' J1 s) C; u5 M3 T O
& `% D, X9 A1 C3 j: S# f W It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。* Y2 e4 K, y! s+ Y2 Y
; x" a% P% F9 e$ X7 f) M 四、其他类型的虚拟语气! \& Z5 }" N3 M# _
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1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:* K' @2 q2 j7 i9 s/ U. s3 C4 @
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done3 M8 @- r- K2 G9 m9 h: W
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did- @" k1 g, b0 L5 k4 K
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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1 `! g* _- E3 H) D' _( ~ I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。( l2 b, _: W* e
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:4 K3 Z8 R( z5 b' B: t8 S3 U y* l5 d
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。4 q8 f$ {9 D( ^( l6 v {
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。" S' W- c$ V1 y
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:# k6 |: g5 N, M6 _" Z, Z
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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God bless you! 上帝保佑你!4 B9 Z7 n( j2 r E1 {; B
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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