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概述
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。3 x* u/ ~$ N% x7 y* D4 v4 a
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。+ M& I' ~& E+ m
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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一、If型
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* `% E* z2 |. u& Y If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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从句
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与过去事实相反
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: r& `* s' N7 A. T9 w+ [0 ]would/could/might have done
% _9 U& P# u6 `& m) q! L与现在事实相反
! a# R9 O/ z. Jdid/were
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与将来事实相反- q) H" U5 M5 Z
were to do/should do/did4 V9 a: W# E. ~. D/ y
would/could/might do
% O8 R$ ?* o$ f+ Q) J 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。( Y3 d3 q( w2 h/ ]
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If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。% _" h8 a* P( n$ O6 ^5 i
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二、Wish型1 E( a/ j1 Z5 B( t$ k) }7 C
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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5 N$ ]; O. Y1 Q! M9 H% V 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done( u; V; A7 S: E( G2 i
5 Q; g1 ]1 q. l C6 P 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did- d% t+ A- q, E4 G! |6 ]/ ?! @) I
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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例如:
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I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。7 E% `' e0 v) M+ J$ x+ z; O
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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) h7 c \) o- U 2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气, j- q0 R! A9 G
! W, |1 v0 S% t1 U- K0 r1 v: ] 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done4 O- m7 F0 `$ B. ]0 V' K" S
) Q: y5 L2 ^: W2 S 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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例如:( E# F& z& R8 z: D
2 x4 ]0 U& ~3 M! B6 I# g$ { If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!7 I: c, ~" f7 e
! }# X" H5 y+ N5 L: d 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done/ i0 u) ?9 d5 I2 a' p
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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3 F& r9 s& q, m. k# d/ u/ b 例如:' W j' _( a) J
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He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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三、强制性虚拟语气. ^% s3 B& n- n
; a8 E. O/ I6 A, C D+ n: P 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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& e4 V x+ w1 T 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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7 z; [6 s! n( Z" f" @0 v; ~ 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:/ N1 m" z2 `1 l m8 l% W' ^
) V- J* a9 O9 x& r6 R When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)2 x& p' i, y& O- n1 }, v+ D8 X
# L9 U: b9 K. i* g3 ] The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。' ?( y( Q3 M5 b) F
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下: Y: V8 G# H' a0 R& z" V
1 E% I4 ^! f( A. R4 A 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done; O: w3 M" X# a9 @, e+ i G6 r) C
* G" u5 ?* f, I2 T* S A9 M 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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& ] Y2 E2 k% _5 S8 V 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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& a; |2 y" j+ \ 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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- V; X* n c4 n" y1 v2 J I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。2 }% N6 _) r7 P' b( I% r
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:. Y0 Q3 z$ p# g' I* D1 r/ t
2 u% w) A3 _6 T: V K Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。0 C, U& A7 ]+ Z8 P
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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. `! l/ c& `( q, Z From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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