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概述. S, v5 c- R4 P" J+ ^8 ?2 x
8 F# T. Q$ Z* h! u6 x, [. c0 }5 j 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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. \. C' h, K) j( n 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。/ ~$ O: t2 h* W+ W+ m; [
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。; \8 s n/ `5 C4 v
) x; p8 m* J. |; C! j7 Y 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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7 A( ]% B- B$ X& P" | 难点释疑: P! ~8 e8 Y, [' F3 q' n% L; v
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一、If型" f8 O, M6 o% f7 |2 @
) f6 y# y: ]2 ] If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:, j! N, q3 R% a6 z
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4 C/ p7 r; w+ z% |从句, ^9 ^: r3 l2 Q3 Y! j
主句
* M+ N- R. {! d与过去事实相反" V" F- ~' U4 P0 X% B
had done3 k7 Z8 n! V9 k2 T# Q) s/ I a
would/could/might have done! X [; l0 m, M( r% \5 }# I
与现在事实相反5 E( G+ S) z' h% l* U8 v
did/were; q" y5 P- \! N9 j% r& d7 a1 K
would/could/might do1 F- w/ u8 Z$ _! q! m% \. V
与将来事实相反2 A( v: p: H s5 u- r
were to do/should do/did
7 D- J; ^& P' B) P$ Owould/could/might do
: v( ~ @$ k2 ^. G- x0 X 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:' H3 y& U( [) S4 Q% \) ?: z; ~ C
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。4 Z; I; m( _- K* Q) {/ C
* v5 M! U. R# h0 P3 D5 q( C7 H4 G( w0 I If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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+ [6 r5 b/ h& ~6 _6 s3 R( k" E 二、Wish型
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:0 z$ Q4 v+ _% Z C: D
4 g. Y" {1 T7 A- @) {9 p 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done( m0 S! B0 W& t' v P
5 v% y. y3 T. R' y7 o* c 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did. R6 ]$ ^, C0 D7 ^6 V1 b$ s
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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+ x) p9 E: G/ T6 }. a' f' ? 例如:
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5 r" K4 ]( W2 [2 [2 p& D0 r I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。& s* o6 A! P; t1 m
* I4 G+ W; o, T$ C! j- p& R* M# a 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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: U) p- A# i. c- y! M% { 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done. Q+ x! A: _( _6 y% B
/ u' e* d/ g6 d. B d/ i5 O% g 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did' V* h7 Q- J% N, d: s# W3 q: D
2 K/ R, i% a4 d+ L& o, I/ R 例如:
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3 H. l! G2 v" \! Z If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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_* Q: A3 U6 F 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气- V( L: A. n T* P7 }. d( S
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done9 W; {0 N. {: B3 a$ N: Y
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did* d) Q9 z& o; K
A" z3 r5 H6 O( K: i' O 例如:
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He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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5 v2 @& R* w% g. Q$ ~ He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。. [! C+ ~+ ~1 |+ g
3 C0 l6 p8 f. }- i 三、强制性虚拟语气* K o2 e) W' h6 |3 p4 q; y
! j8 }/ y& p6 ~: I# `9 ?' W/ _ 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:* U; e) G. w& c& m7 o2 t
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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+ d$ g* w5 @2 k3 }" M' n 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:: q: S' d4 C5 r
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。/ Z" s! ]- ^2 ?$ V# \
1 M! b' Q* X/ w) O1 W/ E+ _' o+ J' f 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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; r# `* ~+ C+ b3 G When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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- y. ]6 L/ Q1 A% X The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)( K O0 e0 e6 q. |
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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+ u) o9 p" ]7 Y r* p 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:5 v, b! O6 y) l
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It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气- e% ?8 A8 j N5 I c# [
+ D& ]" F$ s2 e1 Y* z( u% { 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done9 @- J% v; ]3 h6 i( V: m: p$ V
. X+ N" W4 j. i5 Z5 d$ {. ] 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did; {# r2 ]0 N# x- q
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。, K1 z- v2 O. G* g' g4 G9 O
- b' ~- ~2 _; N s+ Y- D; N 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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: V: x9 _8 g" l Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:: b/ x1 B3 t0 c! l7 v
6 ?4 b4 U. M# ~; n: { Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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