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概述
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:8 k; W+ r0 M/ I* R& n7 L. a3 ]
; q# d: A" o; K7 p! }+ L& } 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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+ a* C5 F' ^4 N2 L* o1 d5 ?& j# _3 s 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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难点释疑
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一、If型
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, V& ?: H: x! m: D: e; G If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:" C! v# M2 }% K# r I
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从句& ?9 Z8 r% ]# ~
主句
# W/ e" [. v/ L; S与过去事实相反+ v/ _2 L, Q3 y3 h# L) g! o! n6 x7 ]
had done
+ Q3 B* [" o- y5 k( T' bwould/could/might have done1 Z+ _; k4 H6 x
与现在事实相反 n& y0 @4 h- J A' r& L# O4 |( Q
did/were' U) ^8 r9 A+ K6 X
would/could/might do+ ?5 d6 @- x/ T
与将来事实相反4 B0 R3 G! O6 X5 ]
were to do/should do/did
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特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:' P c" u4 W& }5 x
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。: i! v; E( p- ~# g0 C
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If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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二、Wish型
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4 n: G2 G r4 ^- O6 P 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done! F m& X4 I& i; |0 q' I
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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5 c: @6 T- v& W n% W2 r9 v 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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例如:
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, T/ j! A( P5 e0 c I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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) M' ^$ c. Z1 Q3 o t( Y I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。# G' \- ?4 G3 n4 M
1 H! Y& T# b6 m2 j- u 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。% b; {+ h: e0 z8 p s; `! z
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done- i; {+ e0 C1 o. p
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did! \0 s+ z: I( i! ~3 H
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例如:
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!+ L1 }, d7 z/ K# z' m# d, e
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气' [2 C m' D* [2 \7 P
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done; M* E9 Q G2 ?6 L) L2 @4 u, @: m' W
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did. ^6 |- e# B' a# W
5 \' G2 @& R+ H! V6 B* k9 g3 P 例如:
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" i9 ~& l& j. ]% e He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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# r; }% d2 }! J' n( z( R He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。( l9 U7 P) m4 H+ [
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三、强制性虚拟语气+ g9 L, ]2 a: M) V) J( v4 G5 t
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1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:" q9 F( `2 h: t
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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! F+ k3 C9 e I4 D6 l' m: g7 [ We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。7 F2 p( ?9 Q( d% O
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3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:9 {9 L2 p' i2 G% A; [
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。# f( ~& |4 }# l: [3 I" i6 b
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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( y6 J: @' ^" L2 e4 p$ c The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)' @. f' n' _8 e- d% A& a
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:7 I- Z& W6 d! `
& {: T1 J$ p# Y2 ^# V It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:/ }) ?! [+ H" I$ q% A7 g" `+ U' k
' ?0 V: L' k3 D+ P! O4 { 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done4 `4 Z; J6 h3 H- @3 S) v q. c
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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/ ?2 g3 g( ]; @* t+ M0 x+ {/ T9 ] 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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) c0 A0 ]% e% y2 E: Q7 F: q 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:( s4 Y1 u" A Y& z) s4 _3 q e$ B
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:1 [9 }/ s% p- B
; J$ H2 O' J6 b) F Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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- T. C1 q; _2 Q5 I% { Long live the queen! 女王万岁!6 F/ B% h( v5 x/ ` I( C! x* X4 D8 W
$ J1 S! X5 r3 B, p) E God bless you! 上帝保佑你!5 U3 k; i% v) }& V6 e- `
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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