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概述& S4 R+ l" \. t: u' r) N
V4 X' I0 \) j5 `; Q0 G0 K 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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" u% V! O2 f0 S; X 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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$ ~7 p/ Q1 o! r' }, B3 [$ J 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。/ y1 c" n# z& }8 _
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难点释疑; [) M% @4 F* ]
, L, E c/ w7 Z 一、If型7 K: r) l! ?+ Q% ^! T
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:, M/ f$ G0 k* |
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从句
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与过去事实相反# x# |, {+ l9 `* K5 B- U
had done
% y6 [5 _, X: ]would/could/might have done
% J3 p, ?& M" H2 D* H e9 _与现在事实相反" z$ @4 ]; `3 x5 W
did/were5 L B1 K( d2 F
would/could/might do
4 c5 J, @) q' Z7 J* O与将来事实相反) p! g+ k m) n3 X* X
were to do/should do/did0 O1 M6 n+ O. C A
would/could/might do
5 o$ d/ U" s7 h+ |2 U$ M- S 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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; Y/ }$ ]/ J" b! L+ e If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。9 D5 u1 v6 h) E9 h9 m
; d$ U: J5 g: i7 D! v' B6 g' g If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。$ `: T* U7 {5 ]" T0 s) i
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二、Wish型7 i/ e* t, G* N: h: {9 l$ ?
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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9 W+ P4 A- [* c; S 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done. D% w: l4 o" G. F% F+ ^
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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4 j8 w( d. a6 }/ J: l 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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3 j: @. _+ v1 g" p8 G% ~5 ~ 例如:1 g9 J# X' J8 M! O+ P' t& M
) ~5 N( I" X+ H Y I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。% h% N0 @3 G" i0 C' K0 R. O, g
5 g% |6 B8 n" P3 H5 } 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气& z7 P' W& M. A0 M: J2 V/ A
5 k! |& N& `6 @) @2 J/ \ 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did: |( ~' w r0 ?; j% w9 }- z
9 r; f/ {6 _) _8 W- Q& P" |9 K 例如:' K9 W; T \% B& b5 h& r
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!1 y7 ~) m. d' G' j& u3 N
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did( D( x) V6 } {- k: V
) e8 V7 p/ E5 Y8 X( H5 n8 o 例如:% Z5 g* x6 s/ r/ X( ?/ Z
! M: x) |! y4 V* N" _: ? He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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0 y% T/ T, S6 P( Z% f, x. ~8 o% ]. m" L! Z He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。3 |4 e+ u$ ?% }8 @; G. T; E
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三、强制性虚拟语气3 J$ ^1 d+ u, I7 G% ~
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1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:. F/ y/ m1 p! w: k
6 A6 u* ?: W9 ^1 [ It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。( o6 ]& J. f6 I0 b& Q
' E& v6 j+ @. k( z4 e2 `# X G" A+ B 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:& k# B6 r% T/ n: E
3 e9 ^' R+ @. V! T+ s- W We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。; Q3 B, \. }' ^+ d! ^2 l& g6 _8 S
# a" c5 |$ S) R* ^ x) C$ W/ ? 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:& g8 P6 [' r1 E m$ G) a
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)+ X& H( N& O. O1 C8 i+ f+ b
4 W- B; K6 j- @' w: O' e. w The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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" h5 p1 c+ d9 e. ?" t7 F 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。' c2 s' W d& c$ X& J% w6 b |/ Y3 g4 i
. \ G9 K9 x6 p4 J5 `: Z1 i It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。8 Z* ?! Y* D# s* i
; l* q: I1 w& T* ]6 J5 k. m 四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:9 t9 V4 b* f$ F9 X. ^, J8 Z
6 n* W% w6 j3 |+ _: I$ J 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。, z5 n6 H. r, T; s6 P
( V \2 p* R) g' ~1 ~ 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。7 [. E& }* k) E
9 V; p7 {5 f. F7 n 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:4 z7 @" w* T8 V+ k) C! j+ x% h2 x
. A6 X3 O' u \' _& d3 a% } Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。% F& N- ~4 ]! ?
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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0 k4 O7 ?4 Q1 [4 T5 b 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:( F* B' ~2 K4 _" c! x/ ?3 q# Y w
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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God bless you! 上帝保佑你!0 o8 f4 j& D6 _- u- d
4 m# o- x/ d/ k From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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