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概述# i/ t, p; M w- D$ k
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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$ v, [! ]$ `: r" a 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。+ q" q$ \( D9 _) D
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。1 @# z4 f8 W; Z# P" G! _% }' k
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难点释疑 H t$ M% @+ m! g+ n
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一、If型
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:( V/ D% F! e6 `6 { a _( `+ |
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5 _8 Z3 h8 J0 V2 g+ k从句
4 m y w' ^2 W& Q" E5 W) R* [主句/ F: U4 x/ C1 ^5 o2 g
与过去事实相反
+ D, @* ]4 @2 [2 I* p3 p% Shad done
$ x% y4 a7 M3 v4 p9 Mwould/could/might have done
, s& x, j0 I4 k H与现在事实相反% m0 ^) G) s2 l" X7 o
did/were
% F& z8 s$ v& V7 G: |would/could/might do& r+ s. p3 t! f0 |( s! Y
与将来事实相反
, }1 k2 b. ^9 W. k# O3 \( Fwere to do/should do/did
G" M6 E1 |6 \) O }) Ewould/could/might do
9 ~) R/ v4 G, F& Y5 a5 j/ H; P 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:; o/ B& X1 N( {( p. J6 X3 i
3 a! L5 S5 g2 h7 S If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。# j" v3 o( ]1 N8 ]& m. b; \* E
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If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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: ?/ q4 m2 l( E5 Q! C0 [ 二、Wish型
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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" c% F( y# A4 l, ^8 M, p- C2 W 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done( _( `: B* R9 k6 F6 N! Y& \. C
: C6 g n( y% n/ O 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do. i- ~# D+ ]3 G& [ Y2 M# T
' x6 b% @' H( M5 h, D; A8 U 例如:, _: ]& ?; L. w3 b, ~+ x. K, F
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I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。8 l+ E$ {4 V0 ?: I
' f; D4 P. p g, d; G( |3 A 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。: e& D2 \; O! @' Q
/ t; G6 X/ n! z2 m1 V 2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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+ p L5 T, V0 ?, j( k& X5 K 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done1 F) w7 G3 e% Y F! n( G$ v
; @2 m9 {- Z* R# r8 E 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did3 B1 S' O& e& N
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例如:
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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) g8 \. E' }* ]* R( y0 T% F4 } 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气
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( G& V! ?4 W$ n2 B ? 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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4 Y1 W$ K6 j4 L# M5 R 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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例如:. t0 f- S, |8 ]7 l* y# H) U+ _0 h
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He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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& s9 }2 Q3 z" Q) {0 | 三、强制性虚拟语气
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1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:' ` N: i9 }0 a/ m6 T* _
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。! I* l( b% H$ ~9 C1 i2 m
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2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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" q9 Z/ |) q7 v! P We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。" {7 ?% N& A; [ |/ w# R
, n" O/ {( u# B7 O 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:/ y& A7 [- ?5 W
7 u/ ^. D5 v# h% {- W' d When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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6 ?/ _. h$ E, c j6 g: E The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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. B! e+ a' ?+ T2 m) W It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。/ K0 l4 \4 N7 U* H9 o( I% {. a
1 w! z. @. D( s It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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, B) W2 j- x7 T7 j 四、其他类型的虚拟语气: U9 j2 c8 W7 K* r9 y: F' b% w- O
! h4 B( K$ p5 |) @- { 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done$ c+ U* k' O; T: B6 p8 ]) z3 U
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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! g. X, n8 w! X% q+ H# K# Y+ C/ Q 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。! l: }* l9 O7 T. @9 b7 P [
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3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:6 }9 @+ e T* r' \$ B
0 ^; L' ^; R7 c$ L) _5 J I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。
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1 t! V8 L' q: ^6 i8 [ 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:1 C7 z/ A4 V9 t# ?
( D, [' O7 a( N9 O% l7 y Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。5 j* {2 ?3 l$ S/ I6 m. k
) g4 c' }2 l2 b! O Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。9 ]" o# a+ H6 S+ n; M
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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, H3 {/ j& w- H: l God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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