|
游客
- 积分
- 0
|
概述
+ [ s/ U2 J: `# c, K" u- } j4 }6 f
5 W2 r$ s+ b0 p 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
2 h5 C# A% S3 M/ ~
; t' j! D: ^: S; r- ` 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
2 i9 [, {0 t3 Q% q8 R0 z
2 L, J% F3 k1 ]3 B 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
$ e V) S8 n- P, [5 V2 Z0 C, ]( Z6 R v/ m( ]% G, ~
虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
" ^ e: c9 t- C" l$ {* l2 u6 ]) G' f
9 `/ i4 h5 g8 b# C4 o 难点释疑
4 e, X( d. y; p
! l0 D& N2 R5 l: U 一、If型
% O6 V% O% W }6 T2 D8 X
- ^6 U: w) S* r If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
5 s( t8 v- D* }! z5 d M) ^* ]# e) C' ]1 w" P6 w2 [/ [
" M2 g% o$ e! v8 u
从句0 D# V5 Q) p; u9 Q- q
主句
6 Y1 m4 s, T' H2 h4 e与过去事实相反+ e. H- x- u/ A- |( t, Q. ?+ ?
had done' w9 K* C1 Y9 C& ]* ^5 i
would/could/might have done5 i4 g ]5 ]! U. P9 I/ r7 Y' H
与现在事实相反9 Z, c8 z: w: X4 P, {" I$ Z
did/were
6 s# Q" L: ~5 }would/could/might do
, E) f; j& i0 Y9 n. N" l- s与将来事实相反$ e/ Q5 L1 T, b X0 B
were to do/should do/did' j0 S+ N# W4 X$ M
would/could/might do
. K8 q% ~* v* r1 }3 Q1 ~# a- G* B 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
1 y( z* F2 B" L p! b
" C5 }3 C& q T; g If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。 i+ X, x) ^* ?, `2 {" i( f# Y! w* m
: |; E. {6 n# f) _6 E
If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。 D- H ^: h1 \4 }$ Y
* }: d" a2 p' n! m+ j9 G 二、Wish型
& x, E- h8 ~. t' O2 ?6 n% [; J4 q6 X' K# K7 R
1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:7 A6 d; p4 f. q8 d& U
/ O, M+ W% W8 C" D7 a' z$ h 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done% ~* S+ j* ^. d6 S7 ?' e% W/ D8 B
: J( c8 w& j0 h! \' j- d 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did% @4 i9 ?% n7 s+ K0 g( C
6 }/ `4 O( X7 o: a1 R( y
与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do4 s& E0 @ e0 @( e1 P v% p
3 c8 K' M7 f$ z/ k: z
例如:3 I, Y$ S- U8 U; b7 Z+ E8 P
- p4 o8 e$ q4 g I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
* y( c/ S2 \2 Z- N" E2 \$ R& H( [5 D0 Z) K0 J' j9 e
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
* E! C: h$ z9 [4 Q# T) [, N. p4 V! N- V t* m1 J/ z
同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
9 a% I# y, r. _$ ], ? }# i4 i% W9 i3 a/ Y
2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气8 o6 _) `: N9 ~- a; t
. ]* }0 Y6 ]% P3 i% l 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
( O+ }+ x, a. C- {4 Q
. h8 l6 l2 v* F9 U7 V 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did& N# J! T2 \# x. h
( m" `! p/ h1 v! G 例如:
4 r- H( z( z1 H* n
! [- @0 i. s1 y+ G5 B" T0 y If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!. q& b4 v9 ]0 {0 m/ n. p/ p
( D2 ]6 g2 S1 d8 I7 M3 v 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气- n, p' N4 z0 O' P
( E. r! \1 n+ P2 z) v7 x
与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
) _6 a7 @* |% N* v8 V( H0 ?3 B% v) }4 \# g% h
与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
+ t8 C6 [1 K1 T9 `% ~" X) w
# r( Y+ V% E% e# {# c2 ] 例如:
' ]" c! C3 H# O9 P
7 {7 _( s/ i8 F; l He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
" V% |' e9 d% [( Y6 ?2 I; E4 o* s
He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
# H w5 K3 T2 m; H0 q6 g' [/ q4 W0 g" N
三、强制性虚拟语气
+ L' c/ ^( m5 C* v+ l
- E$ z1 K1 j. X1 ]& { 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:+ o5 ~$ {* @7 n5 u
# `, L# z- t% \1 i' |
It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
+ D/ b/ t2 T4 K1 }
8 j5 Y" Y4 m" n n6 x( ]' m) k& v 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
v7 c( O3 ~' r! A
" m0 E, U8 I: H+ `& P ^3 R We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
! H7 B4 k& b6 q: `6 ]" E: [
( o0 G6 I: o0 W g; z 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
# J* u0 K) W/ j d& ^/ A3 I: }3 D9 A
When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。5 S" E, F. K+ k( r2 z2 Q
- _- O: ~& c5 d. U The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
: e$ H+ H- j" }; k& U/ U3 W0 @2 M9 }" J8 l
The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
, N0 i9 f& Y6 i7 f6 X/ V* T d, y9 s. G' j0 D
4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
# c. b* ^2 o; J* j; F6 q
( s& ~0 B: G4 Z1 U" H+ H It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
: z/ d N( A0 y' d( {" ]9 X0 {8 D" Y% L
It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。( ~& }) j2 v3 C: |4 P3 x3 X
3 L2 O* M9 ?+ W% C: D
四、其他类型的虚拟语气
4 r1 A6 Z6 o2 V8 d/ ^+ g1 n) e( \1 j
% n! C3 v) v. ~3 A. x0 q- r K 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
3 b' _! L6 v0 d
- k5 D: F2 R/ d. W& Q* r: D3 R 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
3 ^$ O' g5 w- I9 h% N3 P
4 w* a" J4 g: S# P3 L+ ]7 \ 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did" l- m" C# \! n# L5 Q
% I- y# U2 P5 E# z6 z, O* r 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
+ G4 X5 o+ [) o" O* X4 T* h# r3 \3 l: |* K
3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:) @9 w$ d- Y$ R/ J9 X! b* L9 N5 A
/ D" M+ R8 L: j+ e
I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。 I( @0 R' R1 ^" U* k! |# c6 D) e
$ Z3 n, V) M3 O/ B. a0 @: K 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:' A- R5 P! R1 r, n3 m5 a
$ M2 f2 _: d% ^% P# g p) ^ Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
6 i# ?7 ?& `( E* ~( M* R1 f$ g2 O7 R+ b5 Y B! c
Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。( a7 H. i7 S5 G
/ W J4 D$ Z% j b. |" M+ v 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
' M0 b/ m% g3 o/ f6 l! O
* \" Y* L7 u) M+ j Long live the queen! 女王万岁!+ K5 Q% Z! E N8 y) H
- h" A0 E4 ]4 Q( ?/ o* D: e6 {
God bless you! 上帝保佑你!9 [+ k5 M+ v; ^; }
6 G) v0 H& E# |# M
From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
|