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概述
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: ~0 y P8 y( ]0 `" l 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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, j/ [8 v2 @, f0 Y' k* h 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。3 N* H e/ r/ @
2 z! G* V9 a+ D' `+ k' R 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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+ y( \- X8 I' D8 w7 V0 `* S9 b 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。1 Z+ z( `* G5 }7 n+ C& f
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难点释疑" |' W3 T9 B s c) t
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一、If型
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3 n+ Z: D) t. z0 p0 F2 x If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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从句
+ o" g! k9 j0 O$ l8 a主句* a U* Z) d. W; V8 q' {
与过去事实相反( V2 ]. L/ u7 I% W5 j% J5 f
had done3 Y* O/ x; X* M$ s; S
would/could/might have done
0 m7 u2 g& ~# ]$ g+ U与现在事实相反
1 p8 k, x. O2 t; K$ q. m/ S3 Sdid/were
3 V8 h5 A! I0 F$ R: c0 Zwould/could/might do
; D5 y$ u+ X- ^9 F6 V, T5 m与将来事实相反
. w# E% b! [" bwere to do/should do/did
X3 |. d7 ~/ y4 Y* `/ Z2 u$ jwould/could/might do$ L: s; @7 Y# u
特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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7 ?! ~9 C$ K1 L# _ If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。$ ~; P$ O# `0 g% w
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If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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% Q8 ]$ U) T% J+ @1 f& a2 ?4 M 二、Wish型
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done# _; V7 c& _0 ~
9 g( ~4 S" L3 f! r0 B# Y 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do$ w6 P+ m/ i4 r x8 A7 D
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例如:
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I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。8 u5 l- X5 i$ u$ @$ O
8 Z. z9 I$ M5 X2 E. c& s8 V 2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done6 ]$ D F% U* G& U. c
( v8 A: M% N, I& S# {5 f 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did" O* h. p) k) E6 u& W
0 r6 }' \& T7 k& t/ z4 W 例如:5 K7 N4 B4 A' K5 u b7 Q
" Z2 m1 f" F+ u) @; V If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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" j0 I b: w( `8 F6 o) g: F 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气
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& D5 z3 n9 D+ J) v- G+ i 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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]$ k* A% @ N: `4 v 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did9 m, o! P% l6 u+ c
" G+ F* T7 D9 r2 X1 m2 X 例如:# @5 p/ h7 O/ l% n0 L, l
* @# K0 O7 C' ` He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。5 B$ N( G6 h9 _* m1 `0 [% I8 _* f
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He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。; m8 v& z/ {: d4 g- r- u
* N9 W. }3 U1 W- @4 F 三、强制性虚拟语气. H3 }8 w6 [4 A3 N
, X4 F* T8 W7 I3 j* w- t9 P 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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8 O% i0 s" R" q( M" I+ W; z5 { 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:+ o+ m6 c% g# D. @& t
8 g9 z4 t- k% h0 f We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。3 I) }$ Y0 e! T% m' Z) Y K8 ?
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3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:" e8 {7 w- @. R
; Z* t- K) t2 m% y5 x& t2 ] When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。6 G0 k w; H7 U/ ^3 A$ {
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)/ ~8 J+ B, P# f4 g" j A' d3 ]0 _; h( f
4 g* `6 ]. T5 F+ W$ W4 ?0 h# x# ~ The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)' u* L- ?7 {6 a7 F; \
' G4 \% e: B' f B: q 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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/ d/ s1 Z( d3 f; w It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。5 M5 Q; G! b' Q
& i8 g& G3 u7 n2 h5 k% n( z It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。0 E2 K& j9 d0 z5 p
$ x6 U" O7 L7 \4 b- C 四、其他类型的虚拟语气/ z$ }- @# ^8 g1 U
2 E% w3 @8 Y* q+ K5 P! e& r 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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9 B* g3 @# a9 r0 e) | 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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8 E6 B2 q. s) s 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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6 d+ r' w- U5 p5 X I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。
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2 R1 w; |; B7 s) ^# h3 D: f 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:4 E% {- P) w2 D, w5 h3 g4 P' D
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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. D8 ~# e% K( {: d& b Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。( X& |7 o# ?6 r' x3 K1 s
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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. J+ }/ W, E9 F& F& _ Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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' v7 ~, C& I6 c9 n God bless you! 上帝保佑你!7 z1 R% F; P; X" B2 L
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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