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概述) j6 m6 m) _4 M/ s# e; J0 w- y
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
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$ w, @# i: |+ I 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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3 o9 D; u5 V$ ^- T" m4 p1 }" r 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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难点释疑
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一、If型
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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+ M G% a$ c: e/ v从句
( n N t# Z# R( j主句2 G+ f* J0 L2 d+ E" t1 B2 o
与过去事实相反
; {, m( n k& X5 G* Qhad done/ l3 M+ L# ` F3 d. S
would/could/might have done
( _- v. ~3 G2 B) h, ~! V0 s8 m1 A与现在事实相反
( M( z f" ~. l7 ?+ Q6 Ddid/were* F- l: w* I3 G3 x. L0 l
would/could/might do; Z. X5 k9 x3 s. l+ ?3 r3 b4 A# o
与将来事实相反" J* B- F# ~5 @9 D8 L
were to do/should do/did
4 n, \& g( l/ @* A3 Iwould/could/might do
1 x- ~- m9 S; n 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。/ L1 D- [( T* b: a* O
' _/ o! K+ x# K* |% ]: t If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。) Z% ?- A( z5 j( _
3 S9 ]/ ^8 V# l6 F0 |7 Y+ M 二、Wish型 L. P6 n. p: b; Z) P0 a
' |/ X) V' R! | 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done& Q A1 w! e' o
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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. L% ~, c7 J5 t0 d% u 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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例如:$ ~$ r; R# V0 h) @ R( C
/ j% C: U* H' N8 W1 T I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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6 \5 ^; m9 i0 l5 H I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。" @# K/ U. i: n( i. a, Y2 Q; {
; p8 O6 N7 u% n( A 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气4 Z0 K) k e& \" U
1 D* ^7 c" c& } 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done5 r' ~' \3 K5 D5 i2 }
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did3 m8 _. o% i+ w& Y" i
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例如:: ?/ h* }* t8 m3 H
( F. Q4 h. W. N5 q8 x; n If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!; w5 H. j0 h5 W* ^8 v6 L
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气+ l1 ]9 E4 n( R8 q3 k
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did* X5 q7 D7 t9 j, G( s1 O8 j
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例如:
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" [- S. P/ l: A' c6 f& l" k He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。; \5 Y N2 ^- u9 L# r& z* p) Z& ^
) F0 f9 f; p: N5 D2 m1 q He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。8 l% |# M9 y3 U% k2 J, E3 b
4 y. \" h8 S- j. |1 z 三、强制性虚拟语气$ C7 b& Q) z Y, x' h$ p9 f
! ?# I) n# |1 \9 A6 f 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。6 \$ E! k) i5 t* K
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2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:/ r7 ?) `! b3 k7 y# `
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。7 Q l# D9 O1 _ b2 Z
0 H3 V" v4 {, s 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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1 q0 c4 @# {* E& @$ a- e When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。7 W4 ~$ E" C- T2 D
1 Q; W4 j5 A0 D/ h( G The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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0 }7 V) E8 T; M9 C The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)5 T: y4 P* _' X4 @2 f/ a; N) @
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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H! U @5 H) ^$ o# |6 X) Y7 V! t+ m It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气, C6 n3 K$ j/ [/ n
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1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:+ S( [( \! d+ J+ R7 b4 ]/ L* ?
: [( N8 H5 S! N( c 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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" E7 x1 V& {5 I( Y+ |$ y 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did* I X8 b' ^* z; K
, \/ f5 Z- U8 |7 V# C) T! Q 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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4 v8 r/ b1 g& { 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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: Q0 ?6 V7 W- k I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。2 D: j& F. j' v# V
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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8 ^) s. b( N8 ^ Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。( }! E* g2 [) }4 X" s
- H! W: @3 s$ E7 ^+ y( y Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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) k3 |3 u! A0 R2 c% S. K Long live the queen! 女王万岁!3 w2 s/ `3 c* w( l3 Y
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God bless you! 上帝保佑你!1 v; @! T3 ~2 c8 I4 J) `$ z5 Z7 k
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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