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概述
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:: s C# J/ \6 ^
4 ?: f; ^3 U4 p 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。* g- I( p% v0 a. z5 I) @$ V
$ ]& ]6 w) b7 S3 f" I+ P: m 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。* X$ W1 a1 Q* S" I# i. B
c" s# Y4 A* r 难点释疑
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; J; i1 i) y/ n4 \. b6 W 一、If型6 P- y6 c5 \. B0 ~7 z4 E
, c0 ~# B% u8 i+ P' j4 z1 k If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:+ E' U/ {% Z& N) P6 M: d
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+ y9 K/ W/ J' N/ z" \从句
( l6 k. ]2 y. x/ n主句* m3 y( |% h" M
与过去事实相反
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would/could/might have done
4 H. T: Y1 x. @1 @$ D, J/ B; h与现在事实相反
- H* z8 V7 p0 @8 R) e2 R3 w" Mdid/were
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与将来事实相反
) L2 l3 n) m" Mwere to do/should do/did2 D1 ?5 C- ]( Q: a; ^+ }- S
would/could/might do$ u& Y* t& B2 N3 ]) S- C4 [: x
特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:# I. P2 g( \7 M
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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9 c( t' w7 U& @& P If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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! P! _0 H" @8 \* h+ G$ q# d 二、Wish型
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:$ m3 B% Q0 X- Q* o J
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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) r( x9 _5 |9 d6 D) S' M 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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. B, U5 f' ?: f, ^0 J* {- ]3 p 与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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+ M8 h) M7 }$ b& S; ^0 A8 Y. h 例如:7 W# p) W* X3 M g$ A1 j1 p. c
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I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。8 u0 Q7 a) ]8 M! v3 c0 e
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。6 S, f. @* B( ~( e# i; C9 d. C4 M
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
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% e/ g# I0 }* r! A' w* m 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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例如:" L' b4 [2 J6 V9 u
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!% i5 ^3 o, } o- m
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气* |6 y/ m3 b9 G
4 U. O- T% H' x 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done( G# g# N# ~" f
" j! W0 [2 Z, [# R6 |4 y& @ 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did" h |0 j* K$ ~5 s& T6 _
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例如:" B, E1 F. C8 P
: Q9 m1 t+ W, \( u He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。) e$ m0 L2 ^; F, Y- w) t
: j+ c; g$ V" `$ d7 ~) w He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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8 {* o4 J2 l s1 @ 三、强制性虚拟语气! A- t7 I2 d: M: ^+ Z$ t
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1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:9 Q( ?# V: G5 _) t
- @$ w0 ~" E. Q1 T8 L It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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" t7 x" E* ?! ?$ v0 N! T6 k We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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7 n. \3 i5 D5 y1 A, @ 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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9 c9 @5 I7 U7 ?* s. Y0 b& W; M8 N The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行) j4 w T0 ~, b# v8 E! u0 E7 c, V
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4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。" A; w8 C* s' u
7 c2 Q9 s/ |8 I# [0 t( ~( I It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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: I+ T% a5 _! P @ 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:; V# g G( y6 `( U& z: n4 s
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与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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2 l0 h; H* I- v0 O5 h 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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# F: S: `3 w3 f# a3 d 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:* N: K" D3 n6 `& ?6 {
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。7 f: C! e8 x: @$ P! U" v9 k( L
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:- z/ B% x) d$ `6 O5 U& j. F" \
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。* o# C" w) }# p( r
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。# B$ X7 L8 z- \
g: X4 M& N5 d" U. h/ H5 K 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:5 F$ w+ T. o8 ^, v
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Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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