|
游客
- 积分
- 0
|
概述% Y" b$ C( n p" ?' f
+ V, k7 n8 K A" K) c! Q: {
语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:3 W3 k7 j8 S* {. w. j
; |( ^5 e4 C! H, K3 a( v6 l5 |
1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
0 t- J5 d* g+ T4 Q) J. z& U1 n1 c6 M& F% y" [0 g
2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。/ ~( U, v9 W# t2 R
% |; x0 |+ ]+ w5 d( C& h
虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
" n0 _6 u; S ~9 c2 ~1 ^/ p9 g# v) P
难点释疑* H5 |& L# j) |) d" J/ i5 \
) f3 E, }2 u# }
一、If型
6 \! I' ^7 Q0 R7 o" m7 |+ A6 q! v6 Y( U
If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:& t1 l4 c- P6 q. s$ S" |" O$ d3 D: x
3 `: D& N0 k3 B) E1 M/ a7 y0 O
- y4 c/ j, v& h" x从句
5 H6 V+ |1 X, ^) I主句" B7 Q; l1 g7 {4 `
与过去事实相反
4 g# h: V3 Z2 q8 `8 Xhad done
6 i3 ?9 W0 G/ J" n( x& w' K# s$ k0 k5 kwould/could/might have done
2 B! p* N$ W$ t, X# |# o: q与现在事实相反
/ a8 A V& l. u/ {; [7 l! V" ]did/were
) J5 W1 n# u3 M5 hwould/could/might do4 b( F6 d3 C9 N1 d) j; t( ]
与将来事实相反2 M" z w4 B% e- b; [5 C8 M
were to do/should do/did/ v- V2 E/ b4 o2 i( i
would/could/might do
0 x& X. O- \" g' Z7 b" D" |' @7 _# g9 u 特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
3 F, b C: S7 b/ g0 y% l/ Z" _- Y1 Z+ \/ t
If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
2 S/ W& B- l2 Q2 V5 m# i+ E, n$ T4 B9 C( J. h5 x3 U
If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。* }* b" }) a; |. F! U. W k; t
% q- C1 D& z3 k- g$ a k 二、Wish型
0 [0 y; ~% d9 N
$ x6 A# N. s* y d 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
k) d3 p2 M! J. s. P% p
8 \0 F$ l" A; P* E% X: l. N 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done! U3 @3 \0 B6 ` `$ r/ Q6 g( e
+ u% f$ G! L/ A/ B, }* ] 与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
; W5 P( @3 W9 }6 }$ w. x$ R8 {6 R, O P2 X& S8 f3 a, q; _2 `
与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do0 g6 ]) |) r" c& _ {( m
2 h% A6 ?1 U. `
例如: O2 z' l: z- l' c! Q
! ]( k0 f7 a- `) d+ _" x6 o5 @ I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。2 A Y6 j/ [9 R e* g. z5 g5 K) C
1 T3 i# ^8 c) g& }( _& ?+ x. t
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
8 |$ o$ [ k( m% [' ^! u4 ~
1 E9 B/ O) N R. p# p" | 同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
0 U5 q: x3 t4 B1 r" H
2 w# Z4 ^ F) [& K 2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
, P- y. r Q0 C6 S) x2 q
3 M5 b- `1 n4 ?1 T! E y. c( _ 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
0 k3 j/ c/ O" }! e
& y- T# g8 P0 i! F 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did9 H' F4 ^. c/ N. D- M
7 i5 F' |9 b2 L$ S, O
例如:
8 `4 p" v, y+ t8 e
3 s! U* h$ {+ V) _9 T If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
' {) t( j' u) j3 X( ?1 \& \0 s% `) Q7 o9 m( i% S- a
3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气
+ r. i. o$ P* J$ V( g5 r* {% b' ~. w
与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
& L; j6 V( V# R# i/ T; B4 u
) _5 X0 ~9 g4 P. n, K" a 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did" j' i5 p) G* B' s$ \4 d
9 S* w6 _6 E; M' [+ m3 T. b4 z0 Q
例如:
- P+ J1 M. I% L
" i1 Q$ z/ p1 A3 d: H9 [ He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。- u( l+ N, w3 {* h, L
; {& A" h6 m; k0 N# n* ^ He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
# Y& T. ~- A! E
$ y$ I7 A* M. e/ {& _3 z 三、强制性虚拟语气
2 E; O% w" U( L
9 T7 c8 u% E7 j* G5 h% V. n2 D 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:' h% {0 Z( d- X0 X
3 S/ {6 x0 x; e1 T8 } Z It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
% o4 ^% v/ q& _! T
( y) j" D% O+ M5 _ 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
8 b# K- K4 w2 e A9 O! S1 \9 b
6 h2 B4 u$ S( \% e* t We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
# J; X+ J: m& z8 n3 N/ o$ s3 D' }% V/ r, ^& m
3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
& f7 e0 H u7 e
+ u8 s* r0 U$ C; n+ M7 T* h& |" ?# ? When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
1 p0 H6 o# r2 h; J4 F( F- O* T3 B0 Z6 A9 w5 T8 r$ R/ I
The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
5 g% ^/ Y4 m; O! G% S
0 X* s6 |6 y% |# }7 D The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
# J1 r! n; h8 y) ?/ x) |7 W7 k1 w) _( P# q* } X, {2 q
4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:& c( v: v4 Z% e2 J' k
3 X% S% m! d; n It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。9 {9 H& `6 T7 V5 w$ `
; M: s) A* s$ y5 V8 e/ ~6 [7 H. {9 u It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。* ^% S) R! L" [% J2 X
2 a7 J. s3 j1 E2 @ 四、其他类型的虚拟语气
' }) v+ J0 i+ Q0 `( d4 W5 X( `4 b% Q u! b! ?, D+ O) [
1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:* `( g x% X. S# H3 x
' m! g1 h2 x- P! L. M4 }* u
与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done. O* ~: {9 z1 J$ n
: R0 a8 A* ~# I( c4 p 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
! \& H1 `" G9 [/ O
' [7 M% K( X9 F6 l# x 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
) [7 y( j& k5 [2 d, ^9 Q G! ^3 S/ Z0 P+ l9 ?& ?- _
3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
. E3 n0 i( U, g9 z5 U$ f; g* j0 n' j0 h
I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。
$ V9 Y/ B/ A2 p+ P$ m" F# ` y
: h4 p% l3 G( Y! t 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
4 n) T/ v) w* a# F; }# _. O! q! d9 v% u, f
Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
" Y B+ b% U- }3 n& }9 d1 }
, X2 A% v" Q! U$ d Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。5 z* s7 ~5 w5 t# `, F
7 s3 Y& C2 ~6 h' I n
5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
% \2 d9 i& V1 U }( G$ s, C8 R. q0 ^: C1 x" W9 H9 D3 q
Long live the queen! 女王万岁!; q( ~2 L U- e! F$ s2 `0 k3 G
5 [8 Q- g2 L8 r5 ^. x8 x* u. ? God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
& }( E/ k( O( k: m( K1 X4 [6 `( B% w9 x" d) `- o
From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
|