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概述0 q' d" @; g0 I4 P; A* p. a
3 K% E- y$ A0 X+ b3 X0 d; | 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:' _ N7 M6 o8 |4 S1 O2 }8 j, T
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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M6 U3 |- B$ G. }* k3 x( [! ` 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
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虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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7 o% N* W* l$ O8 Q 难点释疑0 b- p3 n4 z, ? ?7 ~; k
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一、If型
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:' o. ?) \: p0 l4 ]9 r
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从句! C4 i7 P" J. i, v. F
主句0 f5 K9 _$ j. q9 |; H8 _
与过去事实相反" u7 N* Y" d+ P* G* g7 x- x
had done
5 h2 J2 @' D2 p# J( ?+ J, rwould/could/might have done
6 J+ f: K7 e }! I7 B5 [与现在事实相反
/ L: M8 v, `% ~) x: d ^did/were: s' ^8 q) I: x* t1 I3 {4 s
would/could/might do
3 h# l6 e0 [/ n5 C2 r与将来事实相反
' X4 m: g* f4 o! twere to do/should do/did4 y& a* _( B$ J6 ^- o5 O$ K! L) a
would/could/might do( x0 f W9 E5 b |8 g' k
特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:8 _- x2 J/ {3 J/ y5 Q) Z% N) z
5 b) ]* A" R' y1 r/ T/ ]$ r If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。
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; f7 f' d0 }0 r/ P3 r* A4 t If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。# e9 X7 H# |# [. ?
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二、Wish型1 o( ~2 A. k6 f$ k
& x" T/ ~% u' L8 r; m1 S 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:" X1 R9 o& x$ Z7 p9 ^7 i4 _
9 D# g) ?* W9 r6 X" l6 x 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done( s" a) ]' q5 K b
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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# u' ]2 a" E' t3 Q+ w 例如:: d1 w/ s& \4 n I* y6 L
& ^/ O7 B8 O- t I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。& C' Z7 S5 w* J% [ p% k+ u) H7 @' `
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。 [( T ^' K8 O" ^8 ]
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气# G) g. k+ C! V
2 p1 E( }' Q# u7 v, P$ Y 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done5 m! }) V0 L' b+ k+ p
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与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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例如:/ |/ f4 ?9 ~( p; t+ _8 y1 }8 s
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
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1 H f) f+ Y0 p/ p2 Z2 f 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气& w' Y$ u- l5 t0 G% g# J
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done
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3 v7 w. ~; [4 E( U9 X m 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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例如:# ^0 G3 j. g1 S" N3 ~
, M; p$ y8 `! ~2 B. p! O He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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" z& a# ]$ x8 h% ] He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。. k2 m6 B0 j! C+ B4 t& c
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三、强制性虚拟语气/ L7 E: T3 t O1 r
) Z2 P6 u1 Y- A 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。3 M1 z6 }6 w, C6 I m7 z6 ]
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2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:( F8 b' L! A, Z
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。# F. h' s+ y8 N1 c+ o
* V# L9 E2 f/ Y 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。& }6 I/ r; W& I7 K- w" b
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)6 q# l# d; P: f
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行): ?7 S/ u4 Q) Z: M
$ E" `6 s2 _. k! [4 h 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:) c9 x5 z7 j, x4 I) G
1 o. a4 A0 b& |3 J. m) ^ It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。; i0 I% v x& c2 G8 C! ]9 r) s
' P# R0 I! T0 Z7 i2 m s% W0 C It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气- x& c+ F* M9 F4 Z. g* ^8 x& ^0 O
' c" ]2 F& Z. X7 [ 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:9 ]$ X0 q+ m, _( Y1 F
4 ?. H0 Z3 l$ ^ d/ U) F 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done4 W; t+ R) a7 p1 |
/ u" f0 m |5 l 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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! N/ o5 I3 {7 q# K 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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F1 P5 {# z7 {3 D/ m9 z, T" l 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:
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2 v/ [5 X1 o, [/ e( H& t I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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B4 `+ O, |/ q( u7 T Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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+ D* Y6 g# ?3 i% i+ h5 [3 \ 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:' E2 {; X) B1 ^+ x
* J: _1 \ |9 y) X+ F) y+ B Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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$ G% Q1 B1 T' P" y4 o7 L' ? God bless you! 上帝保佑你!" v* A9 }) f1 V; v5 s
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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