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概述
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8 D6 o' a! F O5 h 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:% {9 I! W" N% A( V$ R {
W. v. s' `# i. ~) U) W6 w 1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。
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2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。! B$ Y- U$ m6 l/ u; @
% C7 F2 o& ]) Z 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。8 a! }6 O& n: C( E3 P. I3 ]
, {0 n0 [- F" h 难点释疑2 z B& M1 a9 x( X; |! f, i1 ?
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一、If型
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If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:) _6 Z+ N3 t) P
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从句
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与过去事实相反
+ U6 k/ d3 ^( K! [5 Lhad done/ ~: Z9 w4 ]0 v; |% t1 C& T
would/could/might have done; K- H* c, e6 C, L9 S0 N, a* z* y
与现在事实相反
2 K1 B( q) }6 H7 cdid/were7 L) @" \9 l7 b9 M- D. c
would/could/might do% p$ f. f5 M( R/ ^. H6 m! x p
与将来事实相反, N; a: Z/ j- f- C5 f s
were to do/should do/did2 t4 `) S" t3 _1 o, q
would/could/might do2 B6 U- c5 Z3 A
特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:- b$ Y! _2 ^8 U$ V; d7 p! h. R1 B- X
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。1 g% r5 q6 w5 _0 F1 h. k" z( Z' C
8 l, b. z( C) F If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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二、Wish型* Z0 J* S8 b+ v/ ]# e
& ~' y, Z: k4 V* Y- d# S& H4 O 1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:4 f2 s- H& i* M3 x
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与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done7 b( z' M' C0 Y4 I, X
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did2 ~ c# r& P; T3 h. \) O
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do% M F# K; B, R( A5 U, U
4 |9 x& w: v3 t! @* `9 j 例如:
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1 f0 Q1 \8 O/ U, }. K: c: i I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
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, {! J9 `) |+ R8 s I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。: C" j, A0 r! p7 ]9 S% Z7 C
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。! z8 _: f( B( }5 k; `; ?
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2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气
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3 E- }* a& D/ \. A f" L/ F. c 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done
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5 n* U+ P% }) L: z 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did
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例如:+ i" t0 S0 o9 I% V, A
" e& I. l5 N: T% n Q# B If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!/ M8 v! z' Y3 k8 s- z3 M9 O% m) t
# F# L8 ]2 k6 ^ z2 Y& C2 q" { 3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气6 x) g7 Z+ e) e3 D k# T" P. G
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与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done( K* `6 k$ r$ y) X8 k7 q( }
4 _, B) f* a- N, @ e0 d 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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# P# O9 G: g, A E4 D 例如:1 ^- [. V) c) {" }+ K
& }: T! D! W! i$ ? He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。- Q. i+ `( o) u" S- \6 @
/ l5 P. ^6 E |, g4 p He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。/ K0 e: _, @7 t" B
7 z; S* x; w1 L8 E6 W% n/ x 三、强制性虚拟语气
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1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:4 B! \, D) j8 V% ~+ d
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We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。+ E- Y" c2 U/ I! w+ J
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3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:* V g" E3 H" C( e! }
2 J* q' Z: b! u& F" s When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行), \$ \( Q" N- ]$ _
# K, J7 n1 D) U3 y0 x/ E 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:
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/ X5 Y) J/ a& {: a- r; q It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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- w+ @, r# W; k It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。
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/ Y8 n; Z4 ^7 m 四、其他类型的虚拟语气
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1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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, g6 S* Z; N$ u7 q 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done
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与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did4 P# Z4 S0 R8 C' v! E0 D) z* ^/ p- p
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2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。
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3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:$ ^! U# j7 N( O# p
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。; t. h( I4 m; N0 l) f; e9 F
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4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:( l1 R1 G# G; |, P9 b( q
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。
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Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。9 E& g" b( ~8 m( Y6 o, c
2 B g1 ^/ |4 s 5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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% l8 {) j! `9 @/ o7 @- z) x Long live the queen! 女王万岁!7 F% D5 R" I' D1 z4 M6 @ j: K
) M) a$ A/ m; c5 X God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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