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概述
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语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度的。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祁使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjective mood),但是虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:# ]: K3 \) r4 w1 Z' Q( U
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1.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的主观愿望。) r+ N4 c N4 D2 {. ~
7 K# N/ @" A( ^! h, q& b7 N0 S3 p 2.强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。- W- Q% R' N$ l5 I# J
$ e; }2 |% M1 D, G! q+ _( b 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而起一般有明显的标志。
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难点释疑
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一、If型6 ~0 F. [" C4 o2 D8 q) S
3 ^* f' w4 Q/ P9 m, D; B- ? If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:+ R6 A1 D3 }% m, t' k# k
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从句
0 u4 {( G9 M* V* T K* g4 V主句: L- { l: B" b; \
与过去事实相反" q- j( D4 p' y3 w3 b6 I4 {; K9 f/ X3 q
had done
& S, a3 {' t$ M/ k4 ?- dwould/could/might have done$ v: z2 C8 D0 a
与现在事实相反" t1 Y, F1 u- s% W3 z
did/were
3 P0 T& s/ k! ~! dwould/could/might do- C4 h" H/ Y* H$ B* R- G6 A
与将来事实相反+ p9 J& h8 M. Y# t* C) G3 g7 d
were to do/should do/did$ a4 u. }# c8 B2 U
would/could/might do* g4 @ o- W/ m/ u" l
特别值得注意的是,这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生在现在),谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。例如:
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If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位,他很可能现在就得到了。8 F: w( G$ G5 r7 }- L9 X1 I3 H2 d
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If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话,他现在已经到那里了。
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6 [) G6 f+ x$ u& n6 \6 U5 a3 r 二、Wish型0 W$ r. e7 |! B" N r
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1.wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
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/ p r: B) y4 p: J. F 与过去事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用had done
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与现在事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用did
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与将来事实相反 wish that 从句的谓语动词用would/could do
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. s7 T9 u% m" s3 |0 c" N 例如:6 m5 V) g; y( z: R6 s
( }/ X# b( U2 m I wish they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。2 @/ {+ H' V4 J; g* I
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I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
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同样地,在as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以if only引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中,谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。' r# ~ _! s2 _+ a7 E0 o* F, N8 R
; D7 A. ]9 }. `/ D" T; v 2.由if only 引导的虚拟语气$ b% E2 U% \% U
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与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用had done& ~$ j1 L7 p; @+ W f& g! a
" l( e7 e `* M 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用did/ b# Z% M7 R3 t6 J' e
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例如:
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If only she had asked someone’s advice! 她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!' v8 h- Z. H; o* m1 A9 M
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3.由as if/as though 引导的虚拟语气0 c- N) A3 R1 C- n5 Q
: e# U0 g4 c5 B, i: Q+ x# M- x! K 与过去事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用had done7 N5 O5 v. z; R4 e- X
/ s! {" |# A8 v, E( b" ~ V* S 与现在事实相反 as if/as though谓语动词用did
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! R7 y- t) ^ G- f& f: R7 u 例如:+ a) n0 i5 M) {. u/ D- T& ^4 s3 H. A
; k6 ?. Y$ x! O( A# Y5 c* d4 { He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
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' P- c6 B+ P% p" C He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
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8 ~$ F# E. s5 W1 N. I! ] 三、强制性虚拟语气* |9 F. X- M7 d/ C
5 |$ {- k0 k! X( s+ P 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括:advise,ask,command,decide,decree,demand,desire,determine, direct,insist,maintain,move(动议,规定),order,prefer,propose,recommend,require,stipulate,suggest等等。例如:
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It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 o'clock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上11点之后不要打开收音机。
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* c. `* h6 C4 _$ W1 W) }0 _+ P 2.以上动词转化为名词,如suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication,后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should可以省略。例如:
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8 f- K" D9 ^" C% \$ m: m, A We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。
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8 I5 c& E( @5 d" p( p( y! r 3.值得注意的是,只有suggest意为“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”时,从句用虚拟语气,当suggest意为“暗示”、insist意为“坚持说”时,从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
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' y9 b1 q* V" E- J+ E% Y When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时,父亲用表情表示了默许。
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The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)
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3 |0 O( n4 @$ `; u* C" |2 D The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)
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) y7 x1 z; U" \2 u. W' l 4.It is/was + 形容词/过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括:important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,improper,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,shocked,requested,amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable,incredible等等。例如:, u8 _7 x) r' _; z3 U& j! Q- p2 t
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It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
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It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇怪了。- G$ i5 Z# I& E) T
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四、其他类型的虚拟语气3 l; c$ }- `8 S# ]
; n6 O1 U8 l6 t+ w 1.由would rather/sooner,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:8 {! ^) A8 m, J7 u8 G0 Y
0 H( a3 p! N" ~1 q 与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用had done- X3 Y* n. `* X* E7 z) E
, S% g. a/ `- {7 J0 q/ C 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner…谓语动词用did
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1 e2 N1 b2 M$ B7 r# z 2.由it is time引导的虚拟语气,谓语动词始终用did。4 z/ y/ y5 l" M0 w9 g* D
9 o* z% v2 K9 @ ]7 a- H/ \ 3.在lest that,for fear that,in case that,引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,结构用should + 动词原形。例如:2 N* G; e3 T/ `% f: d6 c2 e; m
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I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛,以防断电。1 c+ a, t6 c# T2 y1 @
8 b6 b N( O5 _- V 4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用if 引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without,but for,otherwise,or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。例如:2 d1 r2 W- I' {1 t; I) |
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Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect scheme. 再给我一点时间的话,我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。+ q! l' m5 \) H/ m' L$ v4 J
: D6 X- F( T3 L1 F8 K Were it not for your help, I would haven’t finished the work on time. 要不是你的帮助,我不可能按时完成工作。
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5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气,例如:
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2 D1 B0 R8 `$ z3 q! B& @/ Y Long live the queen! 女王万岁!
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2 O2 h @1 Z& b; N God bless you! 上帝保佑你!
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From:http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2006-01-10/213235500.html |
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